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Erwin B. Montgomery 1 Article
One View of the Current State of Understanding in Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology and What is Needed for the Future
Erwin B. Montgomery
J Mov Disord. 2011;4(1):13-20.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.11003
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AbstractAbstract PDF

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), arguably, is the most dramatic development in movement disorders since the levodopa for Parkinson’s disease. Yet, its mechanisms of action of DBS are unknown. However, DBS related research already has demonstrated that current concepts of basal ganglia pathophysiology are wrong. Specifically, the notion that over-activity of the globus pallidus interna causes parkinsonism, the basis for the most current theories, is no longer tenable. The development of any new theory will be aided by an understanding of how current theories are wrong and why have these flawed theories persist. Many of the problems of current theories are more matters of inference, assumptions, presumptions, and the accepted level of ambiguity than they are of fact. Consequently, it is imperative that these issues be addressed. Just as the inappropriate use of a tool or method is grounds for criticism, methods of reasoning are tools that can be used inappropriately and should be subject to discussion just as misuse of any other tool. Thorough criticism can provide very important lesions though the process could be mistaken as harsh or personal; neither is the case here. At the least, such analyzes can point to potential pitfalls that could be avoided in the development of new theories. As will be discussed, theories are important for the development of therapies but perhaps most important, for the acceptance of new therapies, as was the case for the recent resurgence of interest in surgical therapies.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Grid cells: the missing link in understanding Parkinson’s disease?
    Alexander Reinshagen
    Frontiers in Neuroscience.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Basal ganglia and beyond: The interplay between motor and cognitive aspects in Parkinson’s disease rehabilitation
    Davide Ferrazzoli, Paola Ortelli, Graziella Madeo, Nir Giladi, Giselle M. Petzinger, Giuseppe Frazzitta
    Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.2018; 90: 294.     CrossRef
  • Complex Dynamics in the Basal Ganglia: Health and Disease Beyond the Motor System
    Daniela S. Andres, Olivier Darbin
    The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences.2018; 30(2): 101.     CrossRef
  • Neuronal Entropy-Rate Feature of Entopeduncular Nucleus in Rat Model of Parkinson’s Disease
    Olivier Darbin, Xingxing Jin, Christof Von Wrangel, Kerstin Schwabe, Atsushi Nambu, Dean K. Naritoku, Joachim K. Krauss, Mesbah Alam
    International Journal of Neural Systems.2016; 26(02): 1550038.     CrossRef

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