Objective To assess nocturnal hypokinesia using the Korean version of the Nocturnal Hypokinesia Questionnaire (NHQ-K) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients across disease stages.
Methods We developed the NHQ-K and performed questionnaire-based interviews with 108 PD patients from three referral hospitals. Clinical associations of nocturnal hypokinesia and its impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were also analyzed.
Results The NHQ-K showed acceptable internal consistency (0.83) and interrater reliability (0.95). Nocturnal hypokinesia significantly affected HRQoL in PD patients at both the early and advanced stages (adjusted p < 0.001). Increased severity of nocturnal hypokinesia was associated with dyskinesias, off-period disability, apathy, and anxious mood in PD patients (adjusted p < 0.01) after controlling for disease severity and medication dose.
Conclusion The NHQ-K is useful for screening nocturnal hypokinesia in PD patients. Given the high impact of nocturnal hypokinesia on HRQoL, comprehensive management of nocturnal disability is needed for PD patients.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Clinical Outcome Assessments in Parkinson's Disease: A Scoping Review of Current Rating Scales and Future Needs Evita Papathoma, Panagiota Tsitsi, Nirosen Vijiaratnam, Camila Aquino, Stephen R. Duma, Norbert Kovacs, Kigocha Lameck Okeng'o, Aparna Wagle Shukla, Roongroj Bhidayasiri, Tiago A. Mestre, Alvaro Sanchez Ferro, Alberto J. Espay, Michelle H.S. Tosin, Matej Movement Disorders Clinical Practice.2026; 13(5): 1124. CrossRef
Telerehabilitation for the treatment of nocturnal hypokinesia in people with Parkinson’s disease: a pilot study Edoardo Bianchini, Francesco Bianchini, Pietro Lombardo, Silvia Galli, Flavia D’Audino, Marika Alborghetti, Domiziana Rinaldi Neurological Sciences.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Opicapone for the Treatment of Nocturnal Hypokinesia in Patients With Parkinson’s Disease: An Open-Label Pilot Clinical Trial Chaewon Shin, Jong-Min Kim Journal of Movement Disorders.2026; 19(1): 81. CrossRef
Digital Technology for Sleep Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease: A Scoping Review Kye Won Park, Ki-Young Jung, Han-Joon Kim, Jung Hwan Shin Journal of Movement Disorders.2026; 19(2): 119. CrossRef
Deep profiling of nocturnal hypokinesia in multiple system atrophy and its clinical implications Jongmok Ha, Suin Lee, Yoonha Hwang, Jinyoung Youn, Jin Whan Cho, Eun Yeon Joo Sleep Medicine.2025; 131: 106516. CrossRef
Technological evaluation of strategies to get out of bed by people with Parkinson's disease: Insights from multisite wearable sensors Jirada Sringean, Chusak Thanawattano, Roongroj Bhidayasiri Frontiers in Medical Technology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef