Journal of Movement Disorders

Original Articles

Factors Associated With the Response to Exercise in Patients With Parkinson’s Disease: Myung Jun Lee, Jinse Park, Dong-Woo Ryu, Dallah Yoo, Sang-Myung Cheon; J Mov Disord. 2025;18(4):308-316. Published online May 16, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.25068

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Objective
Exercises have been proposed as adjuvants for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD); however, responses to exercise interventions have shown inconsistent results. We investigated the clinical factors associated with improvements in motor deficits after exercise.
Methods
A total of 85 patients with PD were enrolled from five tertiary hospitals and classified into four exercise groups: home exercise, strength training, Tai Chi, and yoga groups. Clinical measurements of the motor and nonmotor features of patients with PD were performed at baseline and 12 weeks after the exercise intervention. We employed principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce variables into ten factors and then examined associations of baseline characteristics with percentage improvement in the Movement Disorder Society sponsored Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Part III (MDS-UPDRS III) score via a Bayesian regression model.
Results
In the multivariate Bayesian regression model including ten PCA-derived factors, the percentage improvement in the MDS-UPDRS III score was associated with factors including prominent motor deficits (posterior interval [mean±standard deviation]: 2.5±1.5) and nonmotor symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and subjective memory impairment (3.3±1.7). Another factor related to functional impairments in gait and postural control was associated with less improvement after the exercise intervention (-3.9±1.7). According to the subgroup analyses, motor features were associated with improvements in the home exercise and strength training groups, whereas mood disturbance, fatigue, and subjective cognitive impairment were related to changes in the home exercise and Tai Chi groups.
Conclusion
Our results suggest that the individual phenotypes of patients with PD may be associated with clinical improvement following exercise.

Comparison of the Impact of Various Exercise Modalities on Parkinson’s Disease: Jinse Park, Sang-Myung Cheon, Myung Jun Lee, Dong-Woo Ryu, Dallah Yoo; J Mov Disord. 2025;18(3):222-230. Published online April 15, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.25038

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Objective
Exercise is a critical nonpharmacological intervention for Parkinson’s disease (PD); however, comparative evidence on the efficacy of different exercise modalities is limited. This study aimed to compare the effects of tai chi, strength training, yoga, and home-based exercises on motor function in patients with PD.
Methods
In this multicenter, open-label, randomized clinical trial, 99 patients with PD were allocated to one of four exercise interventions: tai chi, strength training, yoga, or home-based exercises. Each intervention consisted of 12 weeks of supervised sessions, followed by 12 weeks of independent practice. The primary outcomes included the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) Part III and timed up-and-go (TUG) test parameters. The assessed secondary outcomes included physical activity (measured via short physical performance battery and the 6-minute walking test [6MWT]), balance (measured via the Mini-BEST), and freezing of gait (measured via the New Freezing of Gait Questionnaire).
Results
Home exercise and tai chi demonstrated significant improvements in the MDS-UPDRS Part III scores over 24 weeks. The 6MWT was improved by home exercises and tai chi; additionally, the Mini-BEST test scores were enhanced by strength exercises and yoga. The total duration and forward movement of the TUG test, as well as the turning duration measured via the wearable sensor, were markedly improved in the yoga group.
Conclusion
Our results support the notion that various types of adherence to and outcomes of exercise can be observed in real-world settings, even though the effectiveness of exercise is well established. These findings highlight the importance of tailoring exercise regimens by considering individual patients in PD management.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Telerehabilitation for Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials
Renfei Li, Lili Wang, Jian Zhang
Neurological Sciences.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparative Efficacy of 17 Rehabilitation Therapies Combined With Medication for Improving Gait Disorders and Quality of Life in Parkinson's Disease: A Network Meta-Analysis of 137 RCTs
Xinyu Lin, Haojie Li, Xie Wu
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Instrumented Timed Up and Go (iTUG): A Systematic Review of Parameters Across Healthy, Older, and Neurological Populations
Piotr Szaflik, Katarzyna Nowakowska-Lipiec
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2026; 15(9): 3307. CrossRef
Summary of the best evidence for non-pharmaceutical interventions for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease
Yud Dan Liu, Hui Fang Li, Ya Xian Zhai, Yun Xia Shen, Jinmei Yang, Li Mei He, Ting Shen
Frontiers in Neurology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Symptom Networks and Associations with Quality of Life in Patients with Early to Mid-Stage Parkinson’s Disease: A Network Analysis
Qiu Deng, Yaoling Duan, Zhengting Yang, Puqing Wang, Ziwei Liu, Min Zhou
Degenerative Neurological and Neuromuscular Disease.2025; Volume 15: 101. CrossRef
Factors Associated With the Response to Exercise in Patients With Parkinson’s Disease
Myung Jun Lee, Jinse Park, Dong-Woo Ryu, Dallah Yoo, Sang-Myung Cheon
Journal of Movement Disorders.2025; 18(4): 308. CrossRef

Brief communication

Evaluating the Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of the Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease–Cognition: Jinse Park, Eungseok Oh, Seong-Beom Koh, In-Uk Song, Tae-Beom Ahn, Sang Jin Kim, Sang-Myung Cheon, Yoon-Joong Kim, Jin Whan Cho, Hyeo-Il Ma, Mee Young Park, Jong Sam Baik, Phil Hyu Lee, Sun Ju Chung, Jong-Min Kim, Han-Joon Kim, Young-Hee Sung, Do Young Kwon, Jae-Hyeok Lee, Jee-Young Lee, Ji Seon Kim, Ji Young Yun, Hee Jin Kim, Jin Yong Hong, Mi-Jung Kim, Jinyoung Youn, Hui-Jun Yang, Won Tae Yoon, Sooyeoun You, Kyum-Yil Kwon, Su-Yun Lee, Younsoo Kim, Hee-Tae Kim, Joong-Seok Kim, Ji-Young Kim; J Mov Disord. 2024;17(3):328-332. Published online April 3, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.24061

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objective
The Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease–Cognition (SCOPA-Cog) was developed to assess cognition in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the SCOPACog (K-SCOPA-Cog).
Methods
We enrolled 129 PD patients with movement disorders from 31 clinics in South Korea. The original version of the SCOPA-Cog was translated into Korean using the translation-retranslation method. The test–retest method with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient were used to assess reliability. Spearman’s rank correlation analysis with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Korean version (MOCA-K) and the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) were used to assess concurrent validity.
Results
The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.797, and the ICC was 0.887. Spearman’s rank correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation with the K-MMSE and MOCA-K scores (r = 0.546 and r = 0.683, respectively).
Conclusion
Our results demonstrate that the K-SCOPA-Cog has good reliability and validity.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Clinical Outcome Assessments in Parkinson's Disease: A Scoping Review of Current Rating Scales and Future Needs
Evita Papathoma, Panagiota Tsitsi, Nirosen Vijiaratnam, Camila Aquino, Stephen R. Duma, Norbert Kovacs, Kigocha Lameck Okeng'o, Aparna Wagle Shukla, Roongroj Bhidayasiri, Tiago A. Mestre, Alvaro Sanchez Ferro, Alberto J. Espay, Michelle H.S. Tosin, Matej
Movement Disorders Clinical Practice.2026; 13(5): 1124. CrossRef
Validation of the Korean Moss Attention Rating Scale in Traumatic Brain Injury: Reliability and Validity
Sung Hoon Jeong, Jun Hee Won, Byung-Mo Oh, Junghoon J. Kim, Ja-Ho Leigh, Gain Shin, Sodam Lee, Hoo Young Lee
Korean Journal of Neurotrauma.2026; 22(1): 24. CrossRef

Original Article

Trends in Physiotherapy Interventions and Medical Costs for Parkinson’s Disease in South Korea, 2011–2020: Dong-Woo Ryu, Jinse Park, Myung Jun Lee, Dallah Yoo, Sang-Myung Cheon; J Mov Disord. 2024;17(3):270-281. Published online March 19, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.23269

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objective
Physiotherapy (PT), which is an effective strategy for managing Parkinson’s disease (PD), can influence health care utilization. We analyzed trends in health care utilization, PT interventions, and medical costs among patients with PD.
Methods
Using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service from 2011 to 2020, we analyzed the number of patients with PD and their health care utilization and assessed the odds ratio (OR) for receiving regular PTs.
Results
Over 10 years, 169,613 patients with PD were included in the analysis. The number of patients with PD increased annually from 49,417 in 2011 to 91,841 in 2020. The number of patients with PD receiving PT increased from 4,847 (9.81%) in 2011 to 13,163 (14.33%) in 2020, and the number of PT prescriptions increased from 81,220 in 2011 to 377,651 in 2019. Medical costs per patient with PD increased from 1,686 United States dollars (USD) in 2011 to 3,202 USD in 2020. The medical expenses for each patient with PD receiving PT increased from 6,582 USD in 2011 to 13,475 USD in 2020. Moreover, regular PTs were administered to 31,782 patients (18.74%) and were administered only through hospitalization. Those patients in their 50s with disabilities demonstrated a high OR for regular PTs, whereas those aged 80 years or older and residing outside of Seoul had a low OR.
Conclusion
The PD burden increased in South Korea between 2011 and 2020, as did health care utilization and medical costs. A significant increase in medical expenses can be associated with increased PD incidence and PT interventions. Regular PT applications remain restricted and have barriers to access.

Citations

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Clinical efficacy of a non-immersive virtual reality-based balance training device in improving balance and gait in Parkinson's disease; A randomized controlled trial
Soohyun Lim, Jinse Park, Juhee Kim, Sang-Myung Cheon, Bong Kyun Kim, Jimin Choi
Parkinsonism & Related Disorders.2026; 146: 108270. CrossRef
Global, regional, and national burden of Early-onset Parkinson’s disease: A comprehensive analysis and forecast, 1990–2021
Qing Shen, Fengrui Zheng, Yun Dong, Hongping Yang, Jie Zhu, Shun Chen, Zujuan Shan
Neurological Sciences.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
AI FRAMEWORK FOR PREDICTING PHYSIOLOGICAL INDICATORS FROM HIGH-RESOLUTION IRIS IMAGES IN PARKINSON’S DISEASE PATIENTS
HAKWON KIM, JEONG-WOO SEO, SEONG-IL PARK, JUNYOUNG HUR, MISO S. PARK, HORYONG YOO
Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Letter to the editor

Orthostatic Myoclonus as a Presentation of Hashimoto Encephalopathy: Hyunyoung Hwang, Jinse Park, Jeong Ik Eun, Kyong Jin Shin, Jongmok Ha, Jinyoung Youn; J Mov Disord. 2023;16(1):104-106. Published online January 12, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.22146

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PDF Supplementary Material

Citations

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Hashimoto’s encephalopathy presented with myoclonus: a case report
Hyung-Kyum Kim, Jung-Ju Lee
Journal of Geriatric Neurology.2025; 4(1): 14. CrossRef
Two unusual movement disorders associated with Hashimoto's encephalopathy thyroiditis
Shreyashi Jha, Santosh Kumar Pendyala
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The use of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of Hashimoto’s encephalopathy: case based review
Victoriţa Şorodoc, Mihai Constantin, Andreea Asaftei, Cătălina Lionte, Alexandr Ceasovschih, Oana Sîrbu, Raluca Ecaterina Haliga, Laurenţiu Şorodoc
Frontiers in Neurology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Brief communication

Validity and Reliability of the Korean-Translated Version of the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale in Cerebellar Ataxia: Jinse Park, Jin Whan Cho, Jinyoung Youn, Engseok Oh, Wooyoung Jang, Joong-Seok Kim, Yoon-Sang Oh, Hyungyoung Hwang, Chang-Hwan Ryu, Jin-Young Ahn, Jee-Young Lee, Seong-Beom Koh, Jae H. Park, Hee-Tae Kim; J Mov Disord. 2023;16(1):86-90. Published online December 20, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.22137

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Objective
The International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS) is a semiquantitative clinical scale for ataxia that is widely used in numerous countries. The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of the Korean-translated version of the ICARS.
Methods
Eighty-eight patients who presented with cerebellar ataxia were enrolled. We investigated the construct validity using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). We also investigated the internal consistency using Cronbach’s α and intrarater and interrater reliability using intraclass correlation coefficients.
Results
The Korean-translated ICARS showed satisfactory construct validity using EFA and CFA. It also revealed good interrater and intrarater reliability and showed acceptable internal consistency. However, subscale 4 for assessing oculomotor disorder showed moderate internal consistency.
Conclusion
This is the first report to investigate the validity and reliability of the Korean-translated ICARS. Our results showed excellent construct and convergent validity. The reliability is also acceptable.

Original Article

Validity and Reliability Study of the Korean Tinetti Mobility Test for Parkinson’s Disease: Jinse Park, Seong-Beom Koh, Hee Jin Kim, Eungseok Oh, Joong-Seok Kim, Ji Young Yun, Do-Young Kwon, Younsoo Kim, Ji Seon Kim, Kyum-Yil Kwon, Jeong-Ho Park, Jinyoung Youn, Wooyoung Jang; J Mov Disord. 2018;11(1):24-29. Published online January 23, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.17058

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objective
Postural instability and gait disturbance are the cardinal symptoms associated with falling among patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). The Tinetti mobility test (TMT) is a well-established measurement tool used to predict falls among elderly people. However, the TMT has not been established or widely used among PD patients in Korea. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the TMT for PD patients.
Methods
Twenty-four patients diagnosed with PD were enrolled in this study. For the interrater reliability test, thirteen clinicians scored the TMT after watching a video clip. We also used the test-retest method to determine intrarater reliability. For concurrent validation, the unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale, Hoehn and Yahr staging, Berg Balance Scale, Timed-Up and Go test, 10-m walk test, and gait analysis by three-dimensional motion capture were also used. We analyzed receiver operating characteristic curve to predict falling.
Results
The interrater reliability and intrarater reliability of the Korean Tinetti balance scale were 0.97 and 0.98, respectively. The interrater reliability and intra-rater reliability of the Korean Tinetti gait scale were 0.94 and 0.96, respectively. The Korean TMT scores were significantly correlated with the other clinical scales and three-dimensional motion capture. The cutoff values for predicting falling were 14 points (balance subscale) and 10 points (gait subscale).
Conclusion
We found that the Korean version of the TMT showed excellent validity and reliability for gait and balance and had high sensitivity and specificity for predicting falls among patients with PD.

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Clinical Outcome Assessments in Parkinson's Disease: A Scoping Review of Current Rating Scales and Future Needs
Evita Papathoma, Panagiota Tsitsi, Nirosen Vijiaratnam, Camila Aquino, Stephen R. Duma, Norbert Kovacs, Kigocha Lameck Okeng'o, Aparna Wagle Shukla, Roongroj Bhidayasiri, Tiago A. Mestre, Alvaro Sanchez Ferro, Alberto J. Espay, Michelle H.S. Tosin, Matej
Movement Disorders Clinical Practice.2026; 13(5): 1124. CrossRef
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Jin Whan Cho, Jee-Young Lee, Han-Joon Kim, Joong-Seok Kim, Kun-Woo Park, Seong-Min Choi, Chul Hyoung Lyoo, Seong-Beom Koh
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Chen Yang, Yihan Mo, Xi Cao, Song Zhu, Xiuhua Wang, Xiaoqing Wang
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Review Article

Movement Disorders Following Cerebrovascular Lesion in the Basal Ganglia Circuit: Jinse Park; J Mov Disord. 2016;9(2):71-79. Published online May 25, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.16005

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Abstract PDF

Movement disorders are primarily associated with the basal ganglia and the thalamus; therefore, movement disorders are more frequently manifest after stroke compared with neurological injuries associated with other structures of the brain. Overall clinical features, such as types of movement disorder, the time of onset and prognosis, are similar with movement disorders after stroke in other structures. Dystonia and chorea are commonly occurring post-stroke movement disorders in basal ganglia circuit, and these disorders rarely present with tremor. Rarer movement disorders, including tic, restless leg syndrome, and blepharospasm, can also develop following a stroke. Although the precise mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of these conditions have not been fully characterized, disruptions in the crosstalk between the inhibitory and excitatory circuits resulting from vascular insult are proposed to be the underlying cause. The GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)ergic and dopaminergic systems play key roles in post-stroke movement disorders. This review summarizes movement disorders induced by basal ganglia and thalamic stroke according to the anatomical regions in which they manifest.

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Letter to the editor

A Patient with Unilateral Periodic Leg Movements Associated with Pontine Infarction: Joon Won Lee, Kyong Jin Shin, Sam Yeol Ha, Jinse Park, Kang Min Park; J Mov Disord. 2015;8(1):37-39. Published online January 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.14017

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