Journal of Movement Disorders

Letter to the editor

Olfactory and Gustatory Function in Early-Stage Parkinson’s Disease: Implications for Cognitive Association: Jeongjae Lee, Young Eun Kim, Joong Seob Lee, Suk Yun Kang, Min Seung Kim, In Hee Kwak, Jaeseol Park, Jung Yeon Nam, Hyeo-il Ma; J Mov Disord. 2024;17(4):450-452. Published online June 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.23243

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Original Articles

Fatigue in Parkinson’s Disease Is Due to Decreased Efficiency of the Frontal Network: Quantitative EEG Analysis: Min Seung Kim, Sanguk Park, Ukeob Park, Seung Wan Kang, Suk Yun Kang; J Mov Disord. 2024;17(3):304-312. Published online June 10, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.24038

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Objective
Fatigue is a common, debilitating nonmotor symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD), but its mechanism is poorly understood. We aimed to determine whether electroencephalography (EEG) could objectively measure fatigue and to explore the pathophysiology of fatigue in PD.
Methods
We studied 32 de novo PD patients who underwent EEG. We compared brain activity between 19 PD patients without fatigue and 13 PD patients with fatigue via EEG power spectra and graphs, including the global efficiency, characteristic path length, clustering coefficient, small-worldness, local efficiency, degree centrality, closeness centrality, and betweenness centrality.
Results
No significant differences in absolute or relative power were detected between PD patients without or with fatigue (all p > 0.02, Bonferroni-corrected). According to our network analysis, brain network efficiency differed by frequency band. Generally, the brain network in the frontal area for theta and delta bands showed greater efficiency, and in the temporal area, the alpha1 band was less efficient in PD patients without fatigue (p < 0.0001, p = 0.0011, and p = 0.0007, respectively, Bonferroni-corrected).
Conclusion
Our study suggests that PD patients with fatigue have less efficient networks in the frontal area than PD patients without fatigue. These findings may explain why fatigue is common in PD, a frontostriatal disorder. Increased efficiency in the temporal area in PD patients with fatigue is assumed to be compensatory. Brain network analysis using graph theory is more valuable than power spectrum analysis in revealing the brain mechanism related to fatigue.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Behavioral disorders in Parkinson disease: current view
Kurt A. Jellinger
Journal of Neural Transmission.2025; 132(2): 169. CrossRef
Functional connectivity in burnout syndrome: a resting-state EEG study
Natalia Afek, Dmytro Harmatiuk, Magda Gawłowska, João Miguel Alves Ferreira, Krystyna Golonka, Sergii Tukaiev, Anton Popov, Tadeusz Marek
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Pain and fatigue in Parkinson’s disease: advances in diagnosis and management
Michele Tinazzi, Christian Geroin, Mattia Siciliano, Marialuisa Gandolfi, Ilaria Di Vico, Rosa De Micco, Alessandro Tessitore
Neurological Sciences.2025; 46(6): 2437. CrossRef
Neural Correlates of Burnout Syndrome Based on Electroencephalography (EEG)—A Mechanistic Review and Discussion of Burnout Syndrome Cognitive Bias Theory
James Chmiel, Agnieszka Malinowska
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(15): 5357. CrossRef
Fatigue and neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson’s disease: a narrative review
Lidia Bojtos, Jon Rodríguez-Antigüedad, Javier Pagonabarraga, Saül Martínez-Horta, Jaime Kulisevsky
Frontiers in Neurology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Modeling Working Memory in Neurodegeneration: A Focus on EEG Methods
Yuliya Komarova, Alexander Zakharov, Mariya Sergeeva, Natalia Romanchuk, Tatyana Vladimirova, Igor Shirolapov
Diagnostics.2025; 15(23): 2992. CrossRef

Comparative Olfactory Profiles in Parkinson’s Disease and Drug-Induced Parkinsonism: In Hee Kwak, Young Eun Kim, Suk Yun Kang, Joong Seob Lee, Jeongjae Lee, Min Seung Kim, Dong A Yea, Hyeo-il Ma; J Mov Disord. 2024;17(1):64-70. Published online October 6, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.23105

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464 Download
5 Web of Science
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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objective
Drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) is a frequently encountered diagnostic possibility when considering Parkinson’s disease (PD). While olfactory dysfunction is a common clinical feature in PD, the comparison of olfactory function between the two conditions remains insufficient. This study aimed to compare olfactory function, including threshold, discrimination, and identification (TDI) profiles, between PD and DIP.
Methods
Consecutive patients with drug-naïve PD (n = 78) or DIP (n = 31) confirmed through dopamine transporter imaging were enrolled in this study. The YSK olfactory function (YOF) test, composed of TDI domains culturally familiar odorants to Koreans, was administered to all patients.
Results
In the study population, patients with DIP were significantly older than patients with PD. Over 70% of patients in each group had hyposmia or anosmia, and there was no significant difference in the occurrence of olfactory dysfunction between the two groups. In addition, there were no differences in the total YOF score and threshold score between the two groups. Meanwhile, the PD group had a significantly lower discrimination and identification score than the DIP group after adjusting for age, sex, the existence of diabetes, disease duration, and cognitive function.
Conclusion
This study demonstrated that detailed olfactory profiles are different in PD and DIP, even though olfactory dysfunction can be observed in both conditions.

Citations

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Olfactory dysfunction as potential biomarker in neurodegenerative diseases: a narrative review
Nicolas De Cleene, Katarína Schwarzová, Samuel Labrecque, Clancy Cerejo, Atbin Djamshidian, Klaus Seppi, Beatrice Heim
Frontiers in Neuroscience.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Alpha-synuclein pathology and Parkinson’s disease-related olfactory dysfunctions: an update on preclinical models and therapeutic approaches
Jancy Nixon Abraham, Devesh Rawat, Priyadharshini Srikanth, Lisni P. Sunny, Nixon M. Abraham
Mammalian Genome.2025; 36(2): 444. CrossRef
Prevalence and clinical impact of alpha-synuclein pathology in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: Insights from RT-QuIC assay
Je kook Yu, Hye Joung Choi, Dongwoo Kim, Pham Hong Ngoc, In Hee Kwak, Huu Dat Nguyen, Trung Nguyen Thanh, Suk Jun Song, Jeongjae Lee, Hyeo-il Ma, Young Eun Kim
Parkinsonism & Related Disorders.2025; 136: 107857. CrossRef
Case Report: Practical approach to differentiating juvenile parkinsonism of genetic cause and drug-induced parkinsonism in adolescents: a case series and literature review
Ioana Grigore, Lăcrămioara Ionela Butnariu, Thomas Gabriel Schreiner, Vasile Valeriu Lupu, Ancuta Lupu, Ludmila Darie, Cătălin Prăzaru, Elena Țarcă, Setalia Popa, Ecaterina Grigore
Frontiers in Genetics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Peripheral inflammatory markers and clinical phenotypes reflecting the impact of diabetes on Parkinson's disease
In Hee Kwak, Hyeo-il Ma, Yun Joong Kim, Hye-Mi Noh, Jeongjae Lee, Je Kook Yu, Young Eun Kim
Journal of Parkinson’s Disease.2025; 15(8): 1431. CrossRef

Letter to the editor

Blacksmith’s Dystonia Is Another Task-Specific Dystonia: From Past to Present: Min Seung Kim, Don Gueu Park, Jung Han Yoon; J Mov Disord. 2022;15(3):284-285. Published online July 26, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.22037

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Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Function and dysfunction of the dystonia network: an exploration of neural circuits that underlie the acquired and isolated dystonias
Jason S. Gill, Megan X. Nguyen, Mariam Hull, Meike E. van der Heijden, Ken Nguyen, Sruthi P. Thomas, Roy V. Sillitoe
Dystonia.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

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