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Review Article
- Non-Motor Fluctuations in Parkinson’s Disease: Underdiagnosed Yet Important
- Iro Boura, Karolina Poplawska-Domaszewicz, Cleanthe Spanaki, Rosabel Chen, Daniele Urso, Riaan van Coller, Alexander Storch, Kallol Ray Chaudhuri
- J Mov Disord. 2025;18(1):1-16. Published online December 20, 2024
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.24227
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- 9 Web of Science
- 10 Crossref
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Abstract
PDF - Non-motor fluctuations (NMFs) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) significantly affect patients’ well-being. Despite being identified over two decades ago, NMFs remain largely underrecognized, undertreated, and poorly understood. While they are often temporally associated with motor fluctuations (MFs) and can share common risk factors and pathophysiologic mechanisms, NMFs and MFs are currently considered distinct entities. The prevalence and severity of NMFs, often categorized into neuropsychiatric, sensory, and autonomic subtypes, vary significantly across studies due to the heterogeneous PD populations screened and the diverse evaluation tools applied. The consistent negative impact of NMFs on PD patients’ quality of life underscores the importance of further investigations via focused and controlled studies, validated assessment instruments and novel digital technologies. High-quality research is essential to illuminate the complex pathophysiology and clinical nuances of NMFs, ultimately enhancing clinicians’ diagnostic and treatment options in routine clinical practice.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
- Managing non-motor symptoms of Parkinson disease in China: clinical perspectives
Jing Chen, Xiaotong Feng, Danhua Zhao, Baoyu Chen, Chaobo Bai, Qi Wang, Yuan Li, Junyi Chen, Xintong Guo, Jinjin Wang, Lin Zhang, Junliang Yuan
BMC Neurology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Post hoc exploratory analysis of the effect of foslevodopa/foscarbidopa continuous subcutaneous infusion on nocturia in patients with Parkinson’s disease
K. Ray Chaudhuri, Manon Bouchard, Eric Freire-Alvarez, Rajesh Pahwa, Lars Bergmann, Resmi Gupta, Pavnit Kukreja, Megha B. Shah, Stuart H. Isaacson
Clinical Parkinsonism & Related Disorders.2025; 12: 100330. CrossRef - Motor fluctuations in Parkinson disease – a mini-review of emerging drugs
Priti Gros, Laura Armengou Garcia, Susan H. Fox
Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs.2025; : 1. CrossRef - Motor and non-motor fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease: the knowns and unknowns of current therapeutic approaches
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Journal of Neural Transmission.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Neuropsychiatric disorders in Parkinson’s disease
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Movement Disorders Clinical Practice.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Effects of levodopa–entacapone–carbidopa intrajejunal infusion on non-motor symptoms of advanced Parkinson’s disease—interim analysis of the ELEGANCE study
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Journal of Neural Transmission.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Treatment strategies for motor fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review of efficacy, functionality, and drug accessibility with a focus on Latin America
Oscar Arias-Carrión, Emmanuel Ortega-Robles
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease: a practical approach
Ann Subota, Veronica Bruno
Practical Neurology.2025; : pn-2025-004696. CrossRef - The challenges with the identification of Parkinson’s disease subtypes
Leonardo Rigon, Karolina Poplawska-Domaszewicz, Vinod Metta, Carmelo Fogliano, Maria Laura Nasi, Anna Sauerbier, Haider Dafsari, Valentina Leta, Cristian Falup-Pecurariu, Per Odin, Angelo Antonini, Kallol Ray Chaudhuri
Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
- Managing non-motor symptoms of Parkinson disease in China: clinical perspectives
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