Journal of Movement Disorders

Erratum

Efficacy and Safety of Taltirelin Hydrate in Patients With Ataxia Due to Spinocerebellar Degeneration: Jin Whan Cho, Jee-Young Lee, Han-Joon Kim, Joong-Seok Kim, Kun-Woo Park, Seong-Min Choi, Chul Hyoung Lyoo, Seong-Beom Koh; Published online February 20, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.24127e [Epub ahead of print]; Corrects: J Mov Disord 2025;18(1):35

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Brief communication

Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy of Digital Cognitive Training in Parkinson’s Disease With Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Study: Dongje Lee, Hang-Rai Kim, Yu Jeong Park, Yisuh Ahn, Daeho Lee, Jungyeun Lee, Su Jin Chung, Seung Yeon Kim, Yeji Hwang, Ji Young Yun, Jin Whan Cho, Kyum-Yil Kwon, Seong-Beom Koh, Sung Hoon Kang; J Mov Disord. 2026;19(1):76-80. Published online August 26, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.25135

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Objective
Cognitive impairment is common in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), and few pharmacological options are available for treating this condition. We evaluated the effects of a digital cognitive training program (SUPERBRAIN), which was previously shown to be effective in populations at risk of Alzheimer’s disease, on cognitive function in individuals with PD.
Methods
Twenty-three individuals with PD and mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) from four clinics were randomized to the intervention (n=16) or control (n=7) groups. The intervention group completed a 12-week, home-based, tablet-based cognitive training program (25–30 min/day, 7 days/week). Cognitive outcomes were assessed using the Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery pre- and post-intervention.
Results
The adherence rate was 79.36%. The intervention group showed significant improvements in the Seoul Verbal Learning Test (SVLT) delayed recall and the Controlled Oral Word Association Test, while no changes were observed in the control group. Analysis of covariance confirmed greater SVLT improvement in the intervention group (F statistic=7.15, p=0.015, partial η²=0.28).
Conclusion
SUPERBRAIN is feasible and can improve cognitive function in individuals with PD-MCI.

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Integrated bio-cooperative robotic platform for virtual cognitive training in Parkinson's disease: design and methodology of the OPERA project
Cristina Polito, Giulia Martinelli, Sara Della Bella, Eleonora Pavan, Ylenia Crocetto, Simona Abagnale, Cristiana Rondoni, Alfonso Voscarelli, Marco Pirini, Francesco Scotto di Luzio, Loredana Zollo, Anna Estraneo
Frontiers in Neurology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef

Review Article

A Practical Guide for Diagnostic Investigations and Special Considerations in Patients With Huntington’s Disease in Korea: Jangsup Moon, Eungseok Oh, Minkyeong Kim, Ryul Kim, Dallah Yoo, Chaewon Shin, Jee-Young Lee, Jong-Min Kim, Seong-Beom Koh, Manho Kim, Beomseok Jeon; J Mov Disord. 2025;18(1):17-30. Published online December 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.24232

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Abstract PDF: This review provides a comprehensive framework for the diagnostic approach and management of Huntington’s disease (HD) tailored to the Korean population. Key topics include genetic counseling, predictive testing, and reproductive options like preimplantation genetic testing. Strategies for assessing disease progression in premanifest HD through laboratory investigations, biofluid, and imaging biomarkers are highlighted. Special considerations for juvenile and late-onset HD, along with associated comorbidities like diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular abnormalities, are discussed. The guide emphasizes personalized symptom management, including pharmacotherapy, physical therapy, and nutritional support, while exploring emerging disease-modifying treatments. A multidisciplinary care model is advocated to improve outcomes for HD patients and caregivers in Korea.

Original Article

Efficacy and Safety of Taltirelin Hydrate in Patients With Ataxia Due to Spinocerebellar Degeneration: Jin Whan Cho, Jee-Young Lee, Han-Joon Kim, Joong-Seok Kim, Kun-Woo Park, Seong-Min Choi, Chul Hyoung Lyoo, Seong-Beom Koh; J Mov Disord. 2025;18(1):35-44. Published online October 21, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.24127; Correction in: https://doi.org/

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objective
We conducted this study to assess the efficacy and safety of taltirelin hydrate (TH) in patients with ataxia due to spinocerebellar degeneration (SCD).
Methods
Patients were randomly assigned to either the taltirelin group (5 mg orally, twice daily) or the control group. The primary endpoint was the change in the Korean version of the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (K-SARA) score at 24 weeks. The secondary endpoints included changes in the K-SARA score at 4 and 12 weeks as well as the Clinical Global Impression Scale, the five-level version of the EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire, the Tinetti balance test, and gait analysis at 4, 12, and 24 weeks.
Results
A total of 149 patients (hereditary:nonhereditary=86:63) were enrolled. There were significant differences in the change in the K-SARA score at 24 weeks from baseline between the taltirelin group and the control group (-0.51±2.79 versus 0.36±2.62, respectively; p=0.0321). For the K-SARA items, the taltirelin group had significantly lower “Stance” and “Speech disturbance” subscores than the control group (-0.04±0.89 versus 0.23±0.79 and -0.07±0.74 versus 0.18±0.67; p=0.0270 and 0.0130, respectively). However, there were no significant differences in changes in other secondary efficacy outcome measures at 24 weeks from baseline between the two treatment arms (p>0.05).
Conclusion
Clinicians might consider the use of TH in the treatment of patients with ataxia due to SCD.

Citations

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Taltirelin treatment alleviates PTSD-like symptoms and restores neural oscillations in male mice receiving single prolonged stress
Keke Ding, Zhengrong Zhang, Jingwen Niu, Mingyue Zhu, Junjie Zhang, Lixia Chen, Shaojie Yang, Jingji Wang, Guoqi Zhu
Neuropharmacology.2026; 284: 110791. CrossRef
Long-term efficacy and disease-specific responsiveness to protirelin in patients with spinocerebellar degeneration: A retrospective study
Shohei Okusa, Toshiki Tezuka, Jin Nakahara, Morinobu Seki
Parkinsonism & Related Disorders.2026; 145: 108238. CrossRef

Brief communication

Evaluating the Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of the Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease–Cognition: Jinse Park, Eungseok Oh, Seong-Beom Koh, In-Uk Song, Tae-Beom Ahn, Sang Jin Kim, Sang-Myung Cheon, Yoon-Joong Kim, Jin Whan Cho, Hyeo-Il Ma, Mee Young Park, Jong Sam Baik, Phil Hyu Lee, Sun Ju Chung, Jong-Min Kim, Han-Joon Kim, Young-Hee Sung, Do Young Kwon, Jae-Hyeok Lee, Jee-Young Lee, Ji Seon Kim, Ji Young Yun, Hee Jin Kim, Jin Yong Hong, Mi-Jung Kim, Jinyoung Youn, Hui-Jun Yang, Won Tae Yoon, Sooyeoun You, Kyum-Yil Kwon, Su-Yun Lee, Younsoo Kim, Hee-Tae Kim, Joong-Seok Kim, Ji-Young Kim; J Mov Disord. 2024;17(3):328-332. Published online April 3, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.24061

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objective
The Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease–Cognition (SCOPA-Cog) was developed to assess cognition in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the SCOPACog (K-SCOPA-Cog).
Methods
We enrolled 129 PD patients with movement disorders from 31 clinics in South Korea. The original version of the SCOPA-Cog was translated into Korean using the translation-retranslation method. The test–retest method with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient were used to assess reliability. Spearman’s rank correlation analysis with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Korean version (MOCA-K) and the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) were used to assess concurrent validity.
Results
The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.797, and the ICC was 0.887. Spearman’s rank correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation with the K-MMSE and MOCA-K scores (r = 0.546 and r = 0.683, respectively).
Conclusion
Our results demonstrate that the K-SCOPA-Cog has good reliability and validity.

Citations

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Validation of the Korean Moss Attention Rating Scale in Traumatic Brain Injury: Reliability and Validity
Sung Hoon Jeong, Jun Hee Won, Byung-Mo Oh, Junghoon J. Kim, Ja-Ho Leigh, Gain Shin, Sodam Lee, Hoo Young Lee
Korean Journal of Neurotrauma.2026; 22(1): 24. CrossRef
Clinical Outcome Assessments in Parkinson's Disease: A Scoping Review of Current Rating Scales and Future Needs
Evita Papathoma, Panagiota Tsitsi, Nirosen Vijiaratnam, Camila Aquino, Stephen R. Duma, Norbert Kovacs, Kigocha Lameck Okeng'o, Aparna Wagle Shukla, Roongroj Bhidayasiri, Tiago A. Mestre, Alvaro Sanchez Ferro, Alberto J. Espay, Michelle H.S. Tosin, Matej
Movement Disorders Clinical Practice.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Viewpoint

A Practical Guide for Clinical Approach to Patients With Huntington’s Disease in Korea: Chaewon Shin, Ryul Kim, Dallah Yoo, Eungseok Oh, Jangsup Moon, Minkyeong Kim, Jee-Young Lee, Jong-Min Kim, Seong-Beom Koh, Manho Kim, Beomseok Jeon; J Mov Disord. 2024;17(2):138-149. Published online March 12, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.24040

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Citations

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A Practical Guide for Diagnostic Investigations and Special Considerations in Patients With Huntington’s Disease in Korea
Jangsup Moon, Eungseok Oh, Minkyeong Kim, Ryul Kim, Dallah Yoo, Chaewon Shin, Jee-Young Lee, Jong-Min Kim, Seong-Beom Koh, Manho Kim, Beomseok Jeon
Journal of Movement Disorders.2025; 18(1): 17. CrossRef
Validation of the Korean Version of the Huntington’s Disease Quality of Life Battery for Carers
Hee Jin Chang, Eungseok Oh, Won Tae Yoon, Chan Young Lee, Kyum-Yil Kwon, Yun Su Hwang, Chaewon Shin, Jee-Young Lee
Journal of Movement Disorders.2025; 18(2): 160. CrossRef
Huntington Disease and Chorea
Kathryn P. L. Moore
Continuum.2025; 31(4): 1066. CrossRef
AI-Enhanced Transcriptomic Discovery of Druggable Targets and Repurposed Therapies for Huntington’s Disease
Rodrigo Pinheiro Araldi, João Rafael Dias Pinto, Irina Kerkis
Brain Sciences.2025; 15(8): 865. CrossRef

Original Articles

Hair Loss: A Well-Known Yet Understudied Symptom in Parkinson’s Disease Patients During Dopaminergic Therapy: Jungyeun Lee, Hwa Jung Ryu, Soon Young Hwang, Seong-Beom Koh; J Mov Disord. 2024;17(1):47-54. Published online September 26, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.23088

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objective
Hair loss has been reported to occur during dopaminergic therapy in patients with Parkinson’s disease. The mechanism by which dopaminergic therapy induces hair loss is not well understood. Dopamine receptors are present in the hair follicle, where they regulate melanin production. However, the role of dopamine receptors in hair growth is still not well understood. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of hair loss and identify factors associated with complaints of hair loss in patients with Parkinson’s disease.
Methods
A cross-sectional design involving 495 Parkinson’s disease patients was applied to evaluate hair loss status. Patients completed a questionnaire, and scalp/hair examinations were performed. Patients with underlying conditions that could affect hair loss and those prescribed medications known to increase the risk of hair loss were excluded. Finally, 291 patients (58.8%) were included for analysis.
Results
Among the 495 patients, 138 (27.9%) reported hair loss. Interestingly, more than half of the patients who complained of hair loss (79 out of 138) did not utilize treatments such as hair products, massage, dietary modifications, or alopecia medications. Hair inspection by a single investigator revealed objective hair loss in 263 patients (53.1%). An analysis of factors associated with hair loss complaints showed that the intake of dopaminergic medications with a levodopa-equivalent daily dose > 448 mg was associated with complaints of hair loss.
Conclusion
Dopaminergic medication is associated with hair loss complaints in Parkinson’s disease patients.

Citations

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The Critical Role of Dopamine in the Evolution of Human Intelligence and Thermal Tolerance
Fred H. Previc
Anthropological Review.2025; 88(4): 31. CrossRef

Caregiver Burden of Patients With Huntington’s Disease in South Korea: Chan Young Lee, Chaewon Shin, Yun Su Hwang, Eungseok Oh, Manho Kim, Hyun Sook Kim, Sun Ju Chung, Young Hee Sung, Won Tae Yoon, Jin Whan Cho, Jae-Hyeok Lee, Han-Joon Kim, Hee Jin Chang, Beomseok Jeon, Kyung Ah Woo, Seong-Beom Koh, Kyum-Yil Kwon, Jangsup Moon, Young Eun Kim, Jee-Young Lee; J Mov Disord. 2024;17(1):30-37. Published online September 11, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.23134

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objective
This is the first prospective cohort study of Huntington’s disease (HD) in Korea. This study aimed to investigate the caregiver burden in relation to the characteristics of patients and caregivers.
Methods
From August 2020 to February 2022, we enrolled patients with HD from 13 university hospitals in Korea. We used the 12-item Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI-12) to evaluate the caregiver burden. We evaluated the clinical associations of the ZBI-12 scores by linear regression analysis and investigated the differences between the low- and high-burden groups.
Results
Sixty-five patients with HD and 45 caregivers were enrolled in this cohort study. The average age at onset of motor symptoms was 49.3 ± 12.3 years, with an average cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG)n of 42.9 ± 4.0 (38–65). The median ZBI-12 score among our caregivers was 17.6 ± 14.2. A higher caregiver burden was associated with a more severe Shoulson–Fahn stage (p = 0.038) of the patients. A higher ZBI-12 score was also associated with lower independence scale (B = -0.154, p = 0.006) and functional capacity (B = -1.082, p = 0.002) scores of patients. The caregiving duration was longer in the high- than in the low-burden group. Caregivers’ demographics, blood relation, and marital and social status did not affect the burden significantly.
Conclusion
HD patients’ neurological status exerts an enormous impact on the caregiver burden regardless of the demographic or social status of the caregiver. This study emphasizes the need to establish an optimal support system for families dealing with HD in Korea. A future longitudinal analysis could help us understand how disease progression aggravates the caregiver burden throughout the entire disease course.

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Attitude toward physical activity among Asian American family caregivers of persons living with dementia
JiWon Choi, Van Park, Andrew Jung, Janice Tsoh
Geriatric Nursing.2025; 62: 276. CrossRef
Non-Pharmacological Interventions for Caregivers of People with Motor Neurone Disease: A Scoping Review of Psychosocial Outcomes
Chidera Okoh, Leighanne Mayall, Selina M. Makin, Cliff Chen, Nicolò Zarotti
Brain Sciences.2025; 15(2): 112. CrossRef
A Practical Guide for Diagnostic Investigations and Special Considerations in Patients With Huntington’s Disease in Korea
Jangsup Moon, Eungseok Oh, Minkyeong Kim, Ryul Kim, Dallah Yoo, Chaewon Shin, Jee-Young Lee, Jong-Min Kim, Seong-Beom Koh, Manho Kim, Beomseok Jeon
Journal of Movement Disorders.2025; 18(1): 17. CrossRef
Validation of the Korean Version of the Huntington’s Disease Quality of Life Battery for Carers
Hee Jin Chang, Eungseok Oh, Won Tae Yoon, Chan Young Lee, Kyum-Yil Kwon, Yun Su Hwang, Chaewon Shin, Jee-Young Lee
Journal of Movement Disorders.2025; 18(2): 160. CrossRef
Mapping the landscape of caregiver burden in Huntington's Disease: Current evidence and future directions
Katerina Poprelka, Theodoros Fasilis, Panayiotis Patrikelis, Evniki Ntinopoulou, Anastasia Verentzioti, Maria Stefanatou, Athanasia Alexoudi, Lampis C Stavrinou, Stefanos Korfias, Stylianos Gatzonis
Journal of Huntington's Disease.2025; 14(4): 304. CrossRef
Quality of life and care burden of people living with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis who need home-based medical care in Korea and their family caregivers
Shin Hye Yoo, Belong Cho, Kyae Hyung Kim, In Young Hwang, Woohyeon Cho, Seok-Jin Choi, Jung-Joon Sung, Sun Young Lee
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration.2025; : 1. CrossRef
A Practical Guide for Clinical Approach to Patients With Huntington’s Disease in Korea
Chaewon Shin, Ryul Kim, Dallah Yoo, Eungseok Oh, Jangsup Moon, Minkyeong Kim, Jee-Young Lee, Jong-Min Kim, Seong-Beom Koh, Manho Kim, Beomseok Jeon
Journal of Movement Disorders.2024; 17(2): 138. CrossRef

Brief communication

Validity and Reliability of the Korean-Translated Version of the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale in Cerebellar Ataxia: Jinse Park, Jin Whan Cho, Jinyoung Youn, Engseok Oh, Wooyoung Jang, Joong-Seok Kim, Yoon-Sang Oh, Hyungyoung Hwang, Chang-Hwan Ryu, Jin-Young Ahn, Jee-Young Lee, Seong-Beom Koh, Jae H. Park, Hee-Tae Kim; J Mov Disord. 2023;16(1):86-90. Published online December 20, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.22137

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Objective
The International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS) is a semiquantitative clinical scale for ataxia that is widely used in numerous countries. The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of the Korean-translated version of the ICARS.
Methods
Eighty-eight patients who presented with cerebellar ataxia were enrolled. We investigated the construct validity using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). We also investigated the internal consistency using Cronbach’s α and intrarater and interrater reliability using intraclass correlation coefficients.
Results
The Korean-translated ICARS showed satisfactory construct validity using EFA and CFA. It also revealed good interrater and intrarater reliability and showed acceptable internal consistency. However, subscale 4 for assessing oculomotor disorder showed moderate internal consistency.
Conclusion
This is the first report to investigate the validity and reliability of the Korean-translated ICARS. Our results showed excellent construct and convergent validity. The reliability is also acceptable.

Original Article

Constipation is Associated With Mild Cognitive Impairment in Patients With de novo Parkinson’s Disease: Sung Hoon Kang, Jungyeun Lee, Seong-Beom Koh; J Mov Disord. 2022;15(1):38-42. Published online November 17, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.21074

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Abstract PDF

Objective
The association between gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and cognitive profile in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) at diagnosis remains unclear, although GI symptoms and cognitive impairment are highly prevalent in patients with PD. We investigated the relationship between constipation and cognitive status. We also aimed to identify the correlation between constipation and each neuropsychological dysfunction.
Methods
A total of 427 patients with de novo Parkinson’s disease with normal cognition (PD-NC, n = 170) and Parkinson’s disease with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI, n = 257) at Korea University Guro Hospital in Seoul, Korea were included. All patients underwent comprehensive neuropsychological tests and completed the Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS). The frequency and severity of constipation were assessed using the NMSS GI symptoms scale, we used logistic regression analysis and partial correlation analysis to determine the associations between constipation score, MCI, and each neuropsychological dysfunction.
Results
Frequent and severe constipation was associated with MCI in patients with PD at diagnosis regardless of disease severity. Specifically, constipation was related to poor performance in frontal-executive and visuospatial functions after controlling for age and sex.
Conclusion
Our findings may provide an understanding of constipation as a marker associated with cognitive impairment in individuals with PD. Therefore, the evaluation of cognitive function is warranted in PD patients with constipation, while further studies are necessary to investigate the detailed mechanism of our results.

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Gangadharan Thamizhoviya, Arumugam Muthuvel
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Beyond the gut: The overlooked impact of constipation on functional mobility and quality of life in community‐dwelling elders – a cross‐sectional study
Mucahit Oztop, Nesrin Yagcı
Geriatrics & Gerontology International.2025; 25(6): 799. CrossRef
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Rebecca Ting Jiin Loo, Lukas Pavelka, Graziella Mangone, Fouad Khoury, Marie Vidailhet, Jean-Christophe Corvol, Enrico Glaab, Geeta Acharya, Gloria Aguayo, Myriam Alexandre, Muhammad Ali, Wim Ammerlann, Giuseppe Arena, Michele Bassis, Roxane Batutu, Katy
npj Digital Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Constipation symptoms are associated with worse cognitive outcomes in older adults without dementia
Xiaochang Liu, Juan Zhou, Xinyan Xie, Wenzhe Zheng, Dan Liu, Guirong Cheng, Feifei Hu, Junyi Wang, Cheng Cai, Jing Liu, Qianqian Nie, Shiyue Li, Dan Song, Yuyang Cui, Jingjing Zhang, Hua Meng, Wei Tan, Yan Zeng
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Defecation after magnesium supplementation enhances cognitive performance in triathletes
Chen-Chan Wei, M. Brennan Harris, Mengxin Ye, Andrew Nicholls, Ahmad Alkhatib, Luthfia Dewi, Chi-Yang Huang, Chia-Hua Kuo
Sports Medicine and Health Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Constipation is associated with emotional and cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson’s disease: A clinical and brain functional study
Meilan Su, Song Wang, Oumei Cheng, Kai Xie, Juan Peng, Xinyi Du, Lei Huang, Tian Feng
Neuroscience.2024; 559: 17. CrossRef
Constipation in Parkinson's Disease
Eamonn M. M. Quigley
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Interactions between gut microbiota and Parkinson's disease: The role of microbiota-derived amino acid metabolism
Wang Wang, Shujun Jiang, Chengcheng Xu, Lili Tang, Yan Liang, Yang Zhao, Guoxue Zhu
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

Brief communication

Dance Intervention Using the Feldenkrais Method Improves Motor, and Non-Motor Symptoms and Gait in Parkinson’s Disease: A 12-Month Study: Sung Hoon Kang, Jinhee Kim, Ilsoo Kim, Young Ae Moon, Sojung Park, Seong-Beom Koh; J Mov Disord. 2022;15(1):53-57. Published online November 3, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.21086

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objective
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of dancing (using the Feldenkrais method) on motor and non-motor symptoms, quality of life (QoL), and objective parameters of gait at the time of intervention and at the end of the 1-year study period.
Methods
This was a single-arm study in which 12 subjects with Parkinson’s disease (PD) received dance intervention during a 6-month period. Objective motor scales, gait analysis, and questionnaires on non-motor symptoms were evaluated at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months.
Results
Dance intervention decreased motor scale (Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale and Tinetti scale) scores and improved gait disturbance (gait velocity and step length) without increasing levodopa equivalent dose. Furthermore, dancing decreased non-motor scale (Non-Motor Symptoms Scale and Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale) scores and improved QoL.
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that dance intervention can be a complementary management method for PD patients.

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Hongyu Xu, Zhiqiang Yan, Qiong Ye, Jia Lu, Kexin Chen, Juan Fang, Zijin Li, Jingyao Jiang
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Diana K. Lara, Kate A. Hamel, David I. Anderson
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Original Articles

The Four Square Step Test for Assessing Cognitively Demanding Dynamic Balance in Parkinson’s Disease Patients: Jinhee Kim, Ilsoo Kim, Ye Eun Kim, Seong-Beom Koh; J Mov Disord. 2021;14(3):208-213. Published online May 26, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.20146

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objective
The Four Square Step Test (FSST) is a tool that assesses dynamic balance during obstacle step-over. To date, few studies have used the FSST to measure balance in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). This study aimed to verify that patients with PD, even at the de novo early stage, take more time to perform the FSST and identify which factors, cognitive status or cardinal motor symptoms, are related most to FSST scores.
Methods
Thirty-five newly diagnosed drug-naïve patients with PD and 17 controls completed the FSST. The Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) stage, spatiotemporal gait parameters, and neuropsychological test battery were also assessed in the PD group.
Results
Mean FSST performance time was 8.20 ± 1.61 seconds in patients with PD, which was significantly more than the control group (7.13 ± 1.10 seconds, p = 0.018). UPDRS part III total score and H&Y stage were not significantly associated with FSST, but among the UPDRS subscores, only the postural instability/gait disturbance subscore showed a significant association. Regarding the association between FSST and cognition, the Trail Making Test-B and the Color Word Stroop Test showed strongly inverse correlations with FSST (rho = -0.598 and -0.590, respectively). With respect to gait parameters, double support time was significantly associated with FSST score (rho = 0.342, p = 0.044); however, other parameters, including velocity and step length, were not associated with the FSST.
Conclusion
The FSST can be used in the clinic to assess dynamic balance with cognitive demands even in the early stages of PD.

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Allison A. Bay, Nicole Schindler, Whitney Wharton, Hayley Silverstein, Liang Ni, Todd A. Prusin, Madeleine E. Hackney
Journal of the Neurological Sciences.2022; 439: 120305. CrossRef

Clinical Characteristics of Involuntary Movement in Hospitalized Patients: Kyum-Yil Kwon, Hye Mi Lee, Seon-Min Lee, Seong-Beom Koh; J Mov Disord. 2019;12(1):31-36. Published online December 20, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.18040

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Abstract PDF

Objective
Neurological symptoms in hospitalized patients are not rare, and neurological consultation for movement disorders is especially important in evaluating or managing those with various movement disorders. Therefore, we investigated a clinical pattern of in-hospital consultations for various movement disorders in a tertiary care university hospital.
Methods
Over two years, a total of 202 patients (70.7 ± 11.8 years of age) presenting with movement disorders referred to movement disorder specialists were investigated.
Results
The main symptoms referred by nonneurologists were tremor (56.9%), parkinsonism (16.8%), and gait disturbance (8.9%). The most frequent diagnostic category was toxic/metabolic-caused movement disorder (T/MCMD) (35%) with regard to medications, followed by Parkinson’s disease (PD) (16%). Regarding the mode of onset, T/MCMD was the leading cause for acute (68%) and subacute onset (46%), while PD was the leading disorder (31%) for chronic onset.
Conclusion
The current study showed a characteristic pattern of inpatients presenting with movement disorders. Furthermore, our findings highlighted the clinical significance of drug use or metabolic problems for treating this patient population.

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Pattern and frequency of involuntary movements: hospital-based study
H. N. El Tallawy, A. S. Shalash, M. A. Abdelhamed, R. E. Elsabrout
The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical Spectrum of Movement Disorders in Neurology Inpatients in a Tertiary Care Centre
Shabeer Ahmad Paul, Gouranga Prasad Mondal, Ramesh Bhattacharyya, Kartik Chandra Ghosh, Sarbajit Das, Suman Das, Hema Krishna, Chandrakanta Patra
Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice.2021; 12: 581. CrossRef

Validity and Reliability Study of the Korean Tinetti Mobility Test for Parkinson’s Disease: Jinse Park, Seong-Beom Koh, Hee Jin Kim, Eungseok Oh, Joong-Seok Kim, Ji Young Yun, Do-Young Kwon, Younsoo Kim, Ji Seon Kim, Kyum-Yil Kwon, Jeong-Ho Park, Jinyoung Youn, Wooyoung Jang; J Mov Disord. 2018;11(1):24-29. Published online January 23, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.17058

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objective
Postural instability and gait disturbance are the cardinal symptoms associated with falling among patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). The Tinetti mobility test (TMT) is a well-established measurement tool used to predict falls among elderly people. However, the TMT has not been established or widely used among PD patients in Korea. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the TMT for PD patients.
Methods
Twenty-four patients diagnosed with PD were enrolled in this study. For the interrater reliability test, thirteen clinicians scored the TMT after watching a video clip. We also used the test-retest method to determine intrarater reliability. For concurrent validation, the unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale, Hoehn and Yahr staging, Berg Balance Scale, Timed-Up and Go test, 10-m walk test, and gait analysis by three-dimensional motion capture were also used. We analyzed receiver operating characteristic curve to predict falling.
Results
The interrater reliability and intrarater reliability of the Korean Tinetti balance scale were 0.97 and 0.98, respectively. The interrater reliability and intra-rater reliability of the Korean Tinetti gait scale were 0.94 and 0.96, respectively. The Korean TMT scores were significantly correlated with the other clinical scales and three-dimensional motion capture. The cutoff values for predicting falling were 14 points (balance subscale) and 10 points (gait subscale).
Conclusion
We found that the Korean version of the TMT showed excellent validity and reliability for gait and balance and had high sensitivity and specificity for predicting falls among patients with PD.

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Jin Whan Cho, Jee-Young Lee, Han-Joon Kim, Joong-Seok Kim, Kun-Woo Park, Seong-Min Choi, Chul Hyoung Lyoo, Seong-Beom Koh
Journal of Movement Disorders.2025; 18(1): 35. CrossRef
Incidence and risk factors for falls among nursing home residents in Italy: a retrospective cohort study
Pietro Ferrara, Chiara Carla Monti, Davide Rozza, Carla Fornari, Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo, Maria Cristina Ferrara, Giuseppe Bellelli, Maria Luisa Brandi, Lorenzo G. Mantovani, Giampiero Mazzaglia
Aging Clinical and Experimental Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
GAIT-CKD (Gait Analysis using Artificial Intelligence for digital Therapeutics of patients with Chronic Kidney Disease): design and methods
Youngjin Song, In cheol Jeong, Semin Ryu, Sunghan Lee, Jeonghwan Koh, Seokjue Jeong, Seongmin Park, Munsang Kim, Wonjun Lee, Okhyeon Rye, Yeojin Kim, Sanggyu Lee, Mooeob Ahn, Hyunsuk Kim
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Clinical Outcome Assessments in Parkinson's Disease: A Scoping Review of Current Rating Scales and Future Needs
Evita Papathoma, Panagiota Tsitsi, Nirosen Vijiaratnam, Camila Aquino, Stephen R. Duma, Norbert Kovacs, Kigocha Lameck Okeng'o, Aparna Wagle Shukla, Roongroj Bhidayasiri, Tiago A. Mestre, Alvaro Sanchez Ferro, Alberto J. Espay, Michelle H.S. Tosin, Matej
Movement Disorders Clinical Practice.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Validity and Reliability of the Korean-Translated Version of the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale in Cerebellar Ataxia
Jinse Park, Jin Whan Cho, Jinyoung Youn, Engseok Oh, Wooyoung Jang, Joong-Seok Kim, Yoon-Sang Oh, Hyungyoung Hwang, Chang-Hwan Ryu, Jin-Young Ahn, Jee-Young Lee, Seong-Beom Koh, Jae H. Park, Hee-Tae Kim
Journal of Movement Disorders.2023; 16(1): 86. CrossRef
Reliability and validity of the Tinetti performance oriented mobility assessment in Chinese community-dwelling older adults
Chen Yang, Yihan Mo, Xi Cao, Song Zhu, Xiuhua Wang, Xiaoqing Wang
Geriatric Nursing.2023; 53: 85. CrossRef
Validation of the Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment (Tinetti Test) Scale in Russia for Stroke Patients
Elena V. Kostenko, Liudmila V. Petrova, Irena V. Pogonchenkova
Bulletin of Rehabilitation Medicine.2023; 22(3): 29. CrossRef
Dance Intervention Using the Feldenkrais Method Improves Motor, and Non-Motor Symptoms and Gait in Parkinson’s Disease: A 12-Month Study
Sung Hoon Kang, Jinhee Kim, Ilsoo Kim, Young Ae Moon, Sojung Park, Seong-Beom Koh
Journal of Movement Disorders.2022; 15(1): 53. CrossRef
Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment test and Timed Up and Go test as predictors of falls in the elderly – A cross-sectional study
Varatharajan Sakthivadivel, Jeganathan Geetha, Archana Gaur, Ariyanachi Kaliappan
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Kyong Jin Shin, Jinse Park, Samyeol Ha, Kang Min Park, Sung Eun Kim, Byung In Lee, Dong Ah Lee, Hee-Tae Kim, Ji-Yeon Yoon
Gait & Posture.2020; 76: 64. CrossRef
Design of a Machine Learning-Assisted Wearable Accelerometer-Based Automated System for Studying the Effect of Dopaminergic Medicine on Gait Characteristics of Parkinson’s Patients
Satyabrata Aich, Pyari Mohan Pradhan, Sabyasachi Chakraborty, Hee-Cheol Kim, Hee-Tae Kim, Hae-Gu Lee, Il Hwan Kim, Moon-il Joo, Sim Jong Seong, Jinse Park
Journal of Healthcare Engineering.2020; 2020: 1. CrossRef
Psychometric properties and domains of postural control tests for individuals with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review
Helen P. French, Charlotte K. Hager, Anne Venience, Ryan Fagan, Dara Meldrum
International Journal of Rehabilitation Research.2020; 43(2): 102. CrossRef
Measures of balance and falls risk prediction in people with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review of psychometric properties
Stanley J Winser, Priya Kannan, Umar Muhhamad Bello, Susan L Whitney
Clinical Rehabilitation.2019; 33(12): 1949. CrossRef
Allelic variant in SLC6A3 rs393795 affects cerebral regional homogeneity and gait dysfunction in patients with Parkinson’s disease
Lina Wang, Yongsheng Yuan, Jianwei Wang, Yuting Shen, Yan Zhi, Junyi Li, Min Wang, Kezhong Zhang
PeerJ.2019; 7: e7957. CrossRef
Evaluation of Balance Disorders in Parkinson's Disease Using Simple Diagnostic Tests—Not So Simple to Choose
Karolina Krzysztoń, Jakub Stolarski, Jan Kochanowski
Frontiers in Neurology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Rasch Analysis of the Clinimetric Properties of the Korean Dizziness Handicap Inventory in Patients with Parkinson Disease
Da-Young Lee, Hui-Jun Yang, Dong-Seok Yang, Jin-Hyuk Choi, Byoung-Soo Park, Ji-Yun Park
Research in Vestibular Science.2018; 17(4): 152. CrossRef

Patients and Their Caregivers’ Burdens for Parkinson’s Disease in Korea: Jong Sam Baik, Joong-Seok Kim, Seong-Beom Koh, Jin Whan Cho, Phil Hyu Lee, Hyeo-Il Ma, Yun Joong Kim, Tae-Beom Ahn, Sang Jin Kim, Yong Duk Kim, Seong-min Choi, Ho-Won Lee, Hee Tae Kim; J Mov Disord. 2017;10(3):109-115. Published online September 22, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.17053

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Abstract PDF

Objective
Many patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) suffer from motor and non-motor symptoms. According to these variable symptoms of PD, patients or caregivers have a poorer quality of life than patients with other neurodegenerative diseases. Since the difficulties are varied for all patients, prioritizing their difficulties differs among all cases. The goal of this study was to investigate the burdens of PD among the caregivers as well as patients and to identify areas requiring aid from the government.
Methods
We surveyed the awareness and perceptions of PD in patients and caregivers of PD by a face-to-face questionnaire. The questionnaire was divided into three sections: symptoms of PD (part A), desire for policies (part B), and difficulties faced by their caregivers (part C). Part A comprised 8 questions, Part B had 2 questions, and Part C had 3 questions.
Results
In total, 853 subjects (702 patients and 151 caregivers) were enrolled in this study. The major difficulties experienced by PD patients were physical (67%), psychiatric (60%) and socio-economic (52%). Assessing the physical difficulties, more than half the patients experienced severe difficulties (29% very severe, 39% severe). Psychiatric difficulties were assessed as severe (35%) and very severe (21%) among the patients. Severe difficulties were also experienced socio-economically, at 52% in patients and 49% in caregivers, especially among patients in their fifties (58%) and those with their spouse (65%) as caregivers. The topmost need was the introduction of new technology for treatment of PD (62%), followed by relief of costs for treatment (38%) and a family support system (31%). The majority (91%) of the patients were diagnosed with PD within two years after onset of symptoms.
Conclusion
We know that the difficulties of PD and the needs for government assistance are different between patients and caregivers. These results emphasize that perceiving the difficulties and needs of patients and caregivers early can help to prevent and ameliorate the burden of disease.

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Communication, Social Connectedness, and Mental Health
Gemma Moya-Galé, Xena González, Leire Escalada-Cebadero
Topics in Language Disorders.2026; 46(1): 21. CrossRef
Care partner needs in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review of qualitative and quantitative data
Max Hulshoff, Christine Sun, Elaine Book, Caroline Tanner, Nabila Dahodwala, Brenda Reynolds, Heather Boon, Connie Marras
Journal of Parkinson’s Disease.2025; 15(6): 1043. CrossRef
Discrepancies between patient and caregiver reports of daily living abilities in Parkinson's disease
Bora Jin, Sang-Myung Cheon
Journal of Parkinson’s Disease.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Challenges in Parkinson’s Disease Care—In Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Kyung Ah Woo, Han-Joon Kim, Beomseok Jeon
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Efficacy and safety of a combination of emotional freedom technique with acupuncture versus acupuncture alone to treat psychiatric symptoms in Parkinson’s disease: A protocol for a randomized, assessor-blind, parallel-group clinical trial
Dong-Hoon Kang, Ju-Yeon Kim, Yang-Chun Park, Ho-Ryong Yoo, In Chul Jung
Medicine.2023; 102(21): e33714. CrossRef
Exploring Unmet Information Needs of People with Parkinson’s Disease and Their Families: Focusing on Information Sharing in an Online Patient Community
Hyeon Sik Chu, Hye Young Jang
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(5): 2521. CrossRef
Participants' perspective on a COVID-19 online vocal group stimulation for people with Parkinson's disease
Marie-Christine Hallé, Charline Delorme, Édith Coulombe, Ouswa Rekik, Ingrid Verduyckt
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Group singing improves quality of life for people with Parkinson’s: an international study
J. Yoon Irons, Grenville Hancox, Trish Vella-Burrows, Eun-Young Han, Hyun-Ju Chong, David Sheffield, Donald E. Stewart
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Exploring the perceptions and stigmatizing experiences of Israeli family caregivers of people with Parkinson's disease
Hanan AboJabel, Einat Argavan, Sharon Hassin-Baer, Rivka Inzelberg, Perla Werner
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Perceived online social support for Parkinson’s disease patients: The role of support type, uncertainty, contentment, and psychological quality of life
Surin Chung, Eunjin (Anna) Kim, J. Brian Houston
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Roongroj Bhidayasiri, Pattamon Panyakaew, Claudia Trenkwalder, Beomseok Jeon, Nobutaka Hattori, Priya Jagota, Yih-Ru Wu, Elena Moro, Shen-Yang Lim, Huifang Shang, Raymond Rosales, Jee-Young Lee, Win Min Thit, Eng-King Tan, Thien Thien Lim, Ngoc Tai Tran,
Parkinsonism & Related Disorders.2020; 72: 82. CrossRef
Understanding patients’ and caregivers’ perspectives and educational needs in Parkinson’s disease: a multi-ethnic Asian study
Xing Yan Choo, Shen-Yang Lim, Karuthan Chinna, Yan Jing Tan, Voon Wei Yong, Jia Lun Lim, Kar Foo Lau, Jing Yi Chung, Jun Min Em, Hui Ting Tan, Jia Hwa Lim, Seng Beng Tan, Chong Tin Tan, Ai Huey Tan
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Mehmet ÖNGER, Tuba AYDIN
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The burden of care and the understanding of disease in Parkinson’s disease
Geum-Bong Lee, Hyunhee Woo, Su-Yoon Lee, Sang-Myung Cheon, Jae Woo Kim, Oscar Arias-Carrion
PLOS ONE.2019; 14(5): e0217581. CrossRef

Sleepiness and Depression in Parkinson’s Disease Patients Treated with Ropinirole and Levodopa: Suk Yun Kang, Ho-Sung Ryu, Mun-Kyung Sunwoo, Sang-Jin Kim, Jong-Sam Baik, Mee-Young Park, Hyung-Eun Park, Joong-Seok Kim, Kyum-Yil Kwon, Seong-Beom Koh, Young-Eun Kim, Mi-Kyong Lee, Jong-Min Kim, Sun Ju Chung, Young-Ho Sohn; J Mov Disord. 2017;10(3):123-129. Published online September 22, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.17048

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Abstract PDF

Objective
We aimed to investigate the effect of ropinirole on excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and depression in Parkinson’s disease (PD) with a large population.
Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional observational study at nine hospitals in Korea between April 24, 2013, and April 22, 2015. We analyzed the demographic and clinical features, other medical history, history of antiparkinsonian medication within 6 months, Hoehn and Yahr stage (HY stage), Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) part II and III, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and 30-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-30).
Results
Four-hundred-thirteen patients with PD (mean age: 65.2 ± 9.0 years; men: 227 patients) were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age at examination, UPDRS II, and GDS-30 were independent risk factors for EDS and that sex, UPDRS II, and ESS were independent risk factors for depression.
Conclusion
Our large group study did not find any significant associations of ropinirole with EDS and depression in Korean PD patients.

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Associations between non-motor symptoms and patient characteristics in Parkinson’s disease: a multicenter cross-sectional study
Remi Morimoto, Mutsumi Iijima, Yasuyuki Okuma, Keisuke Suzuki, Fumihito Yoshii, Shigeru Nogawa, Takashi Osada, Kazuo Kitagawa
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Parkinson’s Disease
Hanshu Liu, Jingwen Li, Xinyi Wang, Jinsha Huang, Tao Wang, Zhicheng Lin, Nian Xiong
Nature and Science of Sleep.2022; Volume 14: 1589. CrossRef
Excessive daytime sleepiness in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Fei Feng, YingYing Cai, YanBing Hou, Ruwei Ou, Zheng Jiang, HuiFang Shang
Parkinsonism & Related Disorders.2021; 85: 133. CrossRef
Sleep Disorders and Cognitive Dysfunctions in Parkinson’s Disease: A Meta-Analytic Study
Gianpaolo Maggi, Luigi Trojano, Paolo Barone, Gabriella Santangelo
Neuropsychology Review.2021; 31(4): 643. CrossRef
Longitudinal risk factors for developing depressive symptoms in Parkinson's disease
Tarek Antar, Huw R. Morris, Faraz Faghri, Hampton L. Leonard, Mike A. Nalls, Andrew B. Singleton, Hirotaka Iwaki
Journal of the Neurological Sciences.2021; 429: 117615. CrossRef
The effect and safety of ropinirole in the treatment of Parkinson disease
Jiali Zhu, Min Chen
Medicine.2021; 100(46): e27653. CrossRef
Pramipexole regulates depression-like behavior via dopamine D3 receptor in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease
Shi-Zhuang Wei, Xiao-Yu Yao, Chen-Tao Wang, An-Qi Dong, Dan Li, Yu-Ting Zhang, Chao Ren, Jin-Bao Zhang, Cheng-Jie Mao, Fen Wang, Chun-Feng Liu
Brain Research Bulletin.2021; 177: 363. CrossRef
A selective D2 dopamine receptor agonist alleviates depression through up-regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase and increased neurogenesis in hippocampus of the prenatally stressed rats
Mahino Fatima, Mir Hilal Ahmad, Saurabh Srivastav, Moshahid Alam Rizvi, A.C. Mondal
Neurochemistry International.2020; 136: 104730. CrossRef
‘Dopamine agonist Phobia’ in Parkinson’s disease: when does it matter? Implications for non-motor symptoms and personalized medicine
Silvia Rota, Iro Boura, Lucia Batzu, Nataliya Titova, Peter Jenner, Cristian Falup-Pecurariu, K Ray Chaudhuri
Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics.2020; 20(9): 953. CrossRef
An Investigation on the Clinical Features and Neurochemical Changes in Parkinson's Disease With Depression
Teng-Hong Lian, Peng Guo, Li-Jun Zuo, Yang Hu, Shu-Yang Yu, Li Liu, Zhao Jin, Qiu-Jin Yu, Rui-Dan Wang, Li-Xia Li, Ying-Shan Piao, Wei Zhang
Frontiers in Psychiatry.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

Quantitative Gait Analysis in Patients with Huntington’s Disease: Seon Jong Pyo, Hanjun Kim, Il Soo Kim, Young-Min Park, Mi-Jung Kim, Hye Mi Lee, Seong-Beom Koh; J Mov Disord. 2017;10(3):140-144. Published online August 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.17041

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Abstract PDF

Objective
Gait disturbance is the main factor contributing to a negative impact on quality of life in patients with Huntington’s disease (HD). Understanding gait features in patients with HD is essential for planning a successful gait strategy. The aim of this study was to investigate temporospatial gait parameters in patients with HD compared with healthy controls.
Methods
We investigated 7 patients with HD. Diagnosis was confirmed by genetic analysis, and patients were evaluated with the Unified Huntington’s Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS). Gait features were assessed with a gait analyzer. We compared the results of patients with HD to those of 7 age- and sex-matched normal controls.
Results
Step length and stride length were decreased and base of support was increased in the HD group compared to the control group. In addition, coefficients of variability for step and stride length were increased in the HD group. The HD group showed slower walking velocity, an increased stance/swing phase in the gait cycle and a decreased proportion of single support time compared to the control group. Cadence did not differ significantly between groups. Among the UHDRS subscores, total motor score and total behavior score were positively correlated with step length, and total behavior score was positively correlated with walking velocity in patients with HD.
Conclusion
Increased variability in step and stride length, slower walking velocity, increased stance phase, and decreased swing phase and single support time with preserved cadence suggest that HD gait patterns are slow, ataxic and ineffective. This study suggests that quantitative gait analysis is needed to assess gait problems in HD.

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Validation of the Korean Version of the Scale for Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease-Autonomic: Ji-Young Kim, In-Uk Song, Seong-Beom Koh, Tae-Beom Ahn, Sang Jin Kim, Sang-Myung Cheon, Jin Whan Cho, Yun Joong Kim, Hyeo-Il Ma, Mee-Young Park, Jong Sam Baik, Phil Hyu Lee, Sun Ju Chung, Jong-Min Kim, Han-Joon Kim, Young-Hee Sung, Do Young Kwon, Jae-Hyeok Lee, Jee-Young Lee, Ji Sun Kim, Ji Young Yun, Hee Jin Kim, Jin Young Hong, Mi-Jung Kim, Jinyoung Youn, Ji Seon Kim, Eung Seok Oh, Hui-Jun Yang, Won Tae Yoon, Sooyeoun You, Kyum-Yil Kwon, Hyung-Eun Park, Su-Yun Lee, Younsoo Kim, Hee-Tae Kim, Joong-Seok Kim; J Mov Disord. 2017;10(1):29-34. Published online January 18, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.16057

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objective
Autonomic symptoms are commonly observed in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and often limit the activities of daily living. The Scale for Outcomes in Parkinson’s disease-Autonomic (SCOPA-AUT) was developed to evaluate and quantify autonomic symptoms in PD. The goal of this study was to translate the original SCOPA-AUT, which was written in English, into Korean and to evaluate its reliability and validity for Korean PD patients.
Methods
For the translation, the following processes were performed: forward translation, backward translation, expert review, pretest of the pre-final version and development of the final Korean version of SCOPA-AUT (K-SCOPA-AUT). In total, 127 patients with PD from 31 movement disorder clinics of university-affiliated hospitals in Korea were enrolled in this study. All patients were assessed using the K-SCOPA-AUT and other motor, non-motor, and quality of life scores. Test-retest reliability for the K-SCOPA-AUT was assessed over a time interval of 10−14 days.
Results
The internal consistency and reliability of the K-SCOPA-AUT was 0.727 as measured by the mean Cronbach’s α-coefficient. The test-retest correlation reliability was 0.859 by the Guttman split-half coefficient. The total K-SCOPA-AUT score showed a positive correlation with other non-motor symptoms [the Korean version of non-motor symptom scale (K-NMSS)], activities of daily living (Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale part II) and quality of life [the Korean version of Parkinson’s Disease Quality of Life 39 (K-PDQ39)].
Conclusion
The K-SCOPA-AUT had good reliability and validity for the assessment of autonomic dysfunction in Korean PD patients. Autonomic symptom severities were associated with many other motor and non-motor impairments and influenced quality of life.

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Cognition and Visit-to-Visit Variability of Blood Pressure and Heart Rate in De Novo Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: Kyum-Yil Kwon, Seon Jong Pyo, Hye Mi Lee, Woo-Keun Seo, Seong-Beom Koh; J Mov Disord. 2016;9(3):144-151. Published online September 21, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.16012

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objective
We sought to identify whether the characteristics of long-term visit-to-visit blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) are related to baseline cognitive profiles in, Parkinson’s disease (PD).
Methods
We selected drug-naïve PD patients who visited our hospital at least 10 times with a baseline assessment of the Seoul neuropsychological battery. BP and HR were measured at each visit, and the variability of the systolic BP/diastolic BP (DBP) and HR was derived from the parameters of serial 10 office visits. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in PD patients was determined according to the proposed criteria with a cut-off value of z-score ≤ -2.
Results
Forty-seven patients with PD (mean follow-up duration = 22.3 months) were enrolled in the study. Compared with non-MCI PD patients, MCI PD patients revealed a significant increase in HR and/or variability in DBP.
Conclusion
This exploratory study showed that baseline cognition in drug-naïve PD patients might be related to the visit-to-visit variability of DBP and/or HR.

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Review Article

Many Faces of Parkinson’s Disease: Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease: Hye Mi Lee, Seong-Beom Koh; J Mov Disord. 2015;8(2):92-97. Published online May 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.15003

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Abstract PDF

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a multi-systemic disorder that is characterized by a combination of motor and non-motor symptoms (NMS). The dopaminergic neurodegeneration of PD is involved in the genesis of NMS, but other conditions and side effects of levodopa are also associated with NMS. NMS can develop at all stage of PD and rapid eyeball movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD), constipation, depression, and olfactory dysfunction are considered prodromal signs of PD. Many NMS related with motor deficits and cognitive dysfunction. Some NMS including olfactory dysfunction, RBD and abnormal stereopsis are associated with presence of other NMS of PD. In addition, several NMS can be helpful to differentiate between idiopathic PD and other parkinsonian disorders. Early recognition and management of NMS in PD patients is important for preserving quality of life.

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The Dysfunctional Autonomic Function and “Dysfunctional” Fatigue in Drug Naïve Parkinson’s Disease
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Systems Biology Approaches to Understand the Host–Microbiome Interactions in Neurodegenerative Diseases
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Elevated Serum Homocysteine Levels Have Differential Gender-Specific Associations with Motor and Cognitive States in Parkinson’s Disease
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Original Article

Clinical Features and Disability Milestones in Multiple System Atrophy and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: Sang-Wook Lee, Seong-Beom Koh; J Mov Disord. 2012;5(2):42-47.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.12010

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Abstract PDF

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) are an adult-onset progressive neurodegenerative disorder that are known to display diverse clinical features and disease progression. We aim to characterize the clinical features and disease progression in patients with MSA and PSP by using a number of relevant disability milestones in Koreans. Forty-one patients with MSA and 14 patients with PSP had been enrolled. The mean age at onset of MSA-C, MSA-P and PSP was 56.7 ± 7.8, 62.5 ± 8.0, 68.9 ± 6.1 years respectively. The most commonly reported symptom at disease onset is disequilibrium/dizziness in MSA-C, tremor in MSA-P and frequent falling in PSP. The mean duration of reaching milestones after disease onset in MSA-C were as followings: 20.8 (urinary incontinence), 22.9 (frequent falling), 27.8 (wheelchair bound), 31.8 (dysarthria) and 35.8 months (diagnosis). The mean duration of reaching milestones after disease onset were 22.0 (urinary incontinence), 32.6 (frequent falling and diagnosis), 41.2 (dysarthria), 61.4 months (wheelchair bound) in MSA-P and 16.8 (dysarthria), 21.6 (diagnosis), 21.7 (frequent falling), 24.0 months (wheel chair bound) in PSP. In the case of MSA, dizziness may occur for the first time. Thus, when the patient complains of non-specific dizziness, a follow-up examination to distinguish it from MSA can be helpful. There was a trend for patients with MSA-C to reach more disability milestones than in MSA-P and PSP before diagnosis. It may explain why patients with MSA-C are required more detail history taking and neurologic examination at an earlier stage.

Citations

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Application of elastic net for clinical outcome prediction and classification in progressive supranuclear palsy: A multicenter cohort study
Seungmin Lee, Heejung Kim, Ryul Kim, Bora Jin, Seoyeon Kim, Kyung-Ah Woo, Jung Hwan Shin, Beomseok Jeon, Han-Joon Kim, Jee-Young Lee
Parkinsonism & Related Disorders.2025; 132: 107301. CrossRef
Clinical and neuroimaging correlates of disease related gait patterns in patients with multiple system atrophy cerebellar type
Seungmin Lee, Minchul Kim, Kyu Sung Choi, Chanhee Jeong, Ri Yu, Jee-Young Lee, Jung Hwan Shin, Han-Joon Kim, Beomseok Jeon
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A neurologist’s perspective of approach to falls in the elderly
Sandhya Manorenj, Reshma S Shaik
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Quantitative brain stem assessment in discriminating neurodegenerative disorders from normal pressure hydrocephalus
Charalampos Georgiopoulos, Stergios Papadimitriou, Dag Nyholm, Lena Kilander, Malin Löwenmark, David Fällmar, Johan Virhammar
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Disease course and treatment patterns in progressive supranuclear palsy: A real-world study
John C. Morgan, Xiaolan Ye, Jennifer A. Mellor, Keisha J. Golden, Jorge Zamudio, Louis A. Chiodo, Yanjun Bao, Tao Xie
Journal of the Neurological Sciences.2021; 421: 117293. CrossRef
Progression of Oropharyngeal Dysphagia in Patients with Multiple System Atrophy
Hui Jae Do, Han Gil Seo, Hyun Haeng Lee, Byung-Mo Oh, Yoon Kim, Aryun Kim, Han-Joon Kim, Beomseok Jeon, Tai Ryoon Han
Dysphagia.2020; 35(1): 24. CrossRef
Is There a Difference in Autonomic Dysfunction Between Multiple System Atrophy Subtypes?
Divyani Garg, Achal Kumar Srivastava, Ashok Kumar Jaryal, Roopa Rajan, Akanksha Singh, Awadh Kishor Pandit, Deepti Vibha, Garima Shukla, Ajay Garg, Ravindra Mohan Pandey, Kameshwar Prasad
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He-Jin Lee, Diadem Ricarte, Darlene Ortiz, Seung-Jae Lee
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Thomas Cronin, Qadeer Arshad, Barry M. Seemungal
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Multiple system atrophy: pathogenic mechanisms and biomarkers
Kurt A. Jellinger, Gregor K. Wenning
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Urinary Dysfunction in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Compared with Other Parkinsonian Disorders
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Case Report

Generalized Chorea Induced by an Unilateral Anterior Cerebral Artery Territorial Infarction: Jae Hong Chang, Woo-Keun Seo, Moon-Ho Park, Jong-Mun Lee, Do-Young Kwon, Seong-Beom Koh; J Mov Disord. 2009;2(1):37-39.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.09009

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Abstract PDF

Generalized chorea caused by unilateral cerebral infarction has rarely been reported. A 58-year-old woman presented involuntary movement in her all extremities after acute cerebral infarction on her right anterior cerebral artery territory. The involuntary movements were diagnosed as generalized chorea. We didn’t find any cause of generalized chorea except the acute cerebral infarction. Here, we described the case of generalized chorea after unilateral cerebral infarction discussing the possible mechanisms.

Citations

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Hyperkinetic movement disorders in the onset of stroke
E. A. Katunina, M. Yu. Martynov, M. B. Dolgushin, V. A. Bogomazova, N. A. Glotova, I. S. Gumin
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Cerebral infarction in centrum semiovale presenting with hemichorea: a case report and literature review
Jingjing Yi, Lingru Zhang, Tao Zhang, Jianfeng Li, Yifan Zhang, Meining Zhou
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Movement Disorders Associated With Cerebral Artery Stenosis: A Nationwide Study
Kye Won Park, Nari Choi, Eungseok Oh, Chul Hyoung Lyoo, Min Seok Baek, Han-Joon Kim, Dalla Yoo, Jee-Young Lee, Ji-Hyun Choi, Jae Hyeok Lee, Seong-Beom Koh, Young Hee Sung, Jin Whan Cho, Hui-Jun Yang, Jinse Park, Hae-Won Shin, Tae-Beom Ahn, Ho-Sung Ryu, So
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Acute Hemichorea as an Unusual Presentation of Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis
Dong Wook Kim, Youngchai Ko, Sang Hyun Jang, Soo Jin Yoon, Gun-Sei Oh, Soo Joo Lee, Dong Joo Yun
Journal of Movement Disorders.2013; 6(1): 17. CrossRef

Neuroimages

Cruciform Pontine MRI Hyperintensities (“Hot Cross Bun” Sign) in Non-Multiple System Atrophy Patients: Seong-Beom Koh, Kun-Woo Park, Dae-Hie Lee; J Mov Disord. 2008;1(2):107-108.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.08022

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The “Hot Cross Bun Sign” in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Types 2 and 7–Case Reports and Review of Literature
Ansuya Kasavelu Naidoo, Cait‐Lynn Deanne Wells, Yashvir Rugbeer, Neil Naidoo
Movement Disorders Clinical Practice.2022; 9(8): 1105. CrossRef

Original Article

Gait Analysis in Patients With Parkinson’s Disease: Relationship to Clinical Features and Freezing: Seong-Beom Koh, Kun-Woo Park, Dae-Hie Lee, Se Ju Kim, Joon-Shik Yoon; J Mov Disord. 2008;1(2):59-64.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.08011

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Abstract PDF

Background:

The purpose of our study was to investigate gait dynamics and kinematics in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and to correlate these features with the predominant clinical features and with the presence of the freezing of gait (FOG). We measured the temporospatial and kinematic parameters of gait in 30 patients with PD (M:F=12:18, age=68.43±7.54) using a computerized video motion analysis system.

Methods:

We divided the subjects into subgroups: (1) tremor-dominant (TD) group and postural instability and gait disturbance (PIGD) group and (2) FOG group and non-FOG group. We compared the gait parameters between the subgroups.

Results:

The walking velocity and stride length were reduced significantly in the PIGD group compared to the TD group. The PIGD group showed a significantly reduced range of motion in the pelvic and lower extremity joints by kinematics. Stride time variability was significantly increased and the pelvic oblique range was significantly reduced in the freezing gait disorder group.

Conclusion:

Our findings suggest that there are differences in the perturbation of the basal ganglia-cortical circuits based on major clinical features. The reduction of the pelvic oblique range of motion may be a compensatory mechanism for postural instability and contributes to stride time variability in patients with FOG.

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IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics.2022; 26(4): 1726. CrossRef
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The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
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Anup Nandy
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Towards Real-Time Prediction of Freezing of Gait in Patients With Parkinson’s Disease: Addressing the Class Imbalance Problem
Nader Naghavi, Aaron Miller, Eric Wade
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Computer-Vision Based Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease via Gait: A Survey
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A comparison of soft computing models for Parkinson’s disease diagnosis using voice and gait features
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Review Article

Microglial Imaging in Movement Disorders With PK11195 PET: Seong-Beom Koh; J Mov Disord. 2008;1(1):1-5.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.08001

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Abstract PDF

Activated microglia play a major role in the pathogenesis in neurological disorders. The transition of microglia from the normal resting state to the activated state is associated with an increased expression of receptors known as peripheral benzodiazepine binding sites, which are abundant on cells of mononuclear phagocyte lineage. PK11195 is a ligand which binds selectively to peripheral benzodiazepine binding sites, a type of receptor selectively expressed by activated microglia in the central nervous system. The ¹¹C-(R)-PK11195 positron emission tomography (PET) is already applied to many kinds of neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative disorders, and can demonstrate the role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. And this imaging modality also provides a means to monitor potential clinical relevance of antiinflammatory treatment strategies in vivo. This article reviews some of the clinical applications of ¹¹C-(R)-PK11195 PET in the field of movement disorders.

Citations

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Amplifying walking activity in Parkinson’s disease through autonomous music-based rhythmic auditory stimulation: randomized controlled trial
F. Porciuncula, J. T. Cavanaugh, J. Zajac, N. Wendel, T. Baker, D. Arumukhom Revi, N. Eklund, M. B. Holmes, L. N. Awad, T. D. Ellis
npj Parkinson's Disease.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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