Journal of Movement Disorders

Review Articles

Nine Hereditary Movement Disorders First Described in Asia: Their History and Evolution: Priya Jagota, Yoshikazu Ugawa, Zakiyah Aldaajani, Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim, Hiroyuki Ishiura, Yoshiko Nomura, Shoji Tsuji, Cid Diesta, Nobutaka Hattori, Osamu Onodera, Saeed Bohlega, Amir Al-Din, Shen-Yang Lim, Jee-Young Lee, Beomseok Jeon, Pramod Kumar Pal, Huifang Shang, Shinsuke Fujioka, Prashanth Lingappa Kukkle, Onanong Phokaewvarangkul, Chin-Hsien Lin, Cholpon Shambetova, Roongroj Bhidayasiri; J Mov Disord. 2023;16(3):231-247. Published online June 13, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.23065

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Clinical case studies and reporting are important to the discovery of new disorders and the advancement of medical sciences. Both clinicians and basic scientists play equally important roles leading to treatment discoveries for both cures and symptoms. In the field of movement disorders, exceptional observation of patients from clinicians is imperative, not just for phenomenology but also for the variable occurrences of these disorders, along with other signs and symptoms, throughout the day and the disease course. The Movement Disorders in Asia Task Force (TF) was formed to help enhance and promote collaboration and research on movement disorders within the region. As a start, the TF has reviewed the original studies of the movement disorders that were preliminarily described in the region. These include nine disorders that were first described in Asia: Segawa disease, PARK-Parkin, X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism, dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy, Woodhouse-Sakati syndrome, benign adult familial myoclonic epilepsy, Kufor-Rakeb disease, tremulous dystonia associated with mutation of the calmodulin-binding transcription activator 2 gene, and paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia. We hope that the information provided will honor the original researchers and help us learn and understand how earlier neurologists and basic scientists together discovered new disorders and made advances in the field, which impact us all to this day.

Historical and More Common Nongenetic Movement Disorders From Asia: Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim, Priya Jagota, Pramod Kumar Pal, Roongroj Bhidayasiri, Shen-Yang Lim, Yoshikazu Ugawa, Zakiyah Aldaajani, Beomseok Jeon, Shinsuke Fujioka, Jee-Young Lee, Prashanth Lingappa Kukkle, Huifang Shang, Onanong Phokaewvarangkul, Cid Diesta, Cholpon Shambetova, Chin-Hsien Lin; J Mov Disord. 2023;16(3):248-260. Published online June 9, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.22224

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Nongenetic movement disorders are common throughout the world. The movement disorders encountered may vary depending on the prevalence of certain disorders across various geographical regions. In this paper, we review historical and more common nongenetic movement disorders in Asia. The underlying causes of these movement disorders are diverse and include, among others, nutritional deficiencies, toxic and metabolic causes, and cultural Latah syndrome, contributed by geographical, economic, and cultural differences across Asia. The industrial revolution in Japan and Korea has led to diseases related to environmental toxin poisoning, such as Minamata disease and β-fluoroethyl acetate-associated cerebellar degeneration, respectively, while religious dietary restriction in the Indian subcontinent has led to infantile tremor syndrome related to vitamin B12 deficiency. In this review, we identify the salient features and key contributing factors in the development of these disorders.

Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease: Neuro-Gastroenterology Perspectives on a Multifaceted Problem: Ai Huey Tan, Kee Huat Chuah, Yuan Ye Beh, Jie Ping Schee, Sanjiv Mahadeva, Shen-Yang Lim; J Mov Disord. 2023;16(2):138-151. Published online May 24, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.22220

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Abstract PDF: Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) face a multitude of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, including nausea, bloating, reduced bowel movements, and difficulties with defecation. These symptoms are common and may accumulate during the course of PD but are often under-recognized and challenging to manage. Objective testing can be burdensome to patients and does not correlate well with symptoms. Effective treatment options are limited. Evidence is often based on studies in the general population, and specific evidence in PD is scarce. Upper GI dysfunction may also interfere with the pharmacological treatment of PD motor symptoms, which poses significant management challenges. Several new less invasive assessment tools and novel treatment options have emerged in recent years. The current review provides an overview and a practical approach to recognizing and diagnosing common upper and lower GI problems in PD, e.g., dyspepsia, gastroparesis, small bowel dysfunction, chronic constipation, and defecatory dysfunction. Management aspects are discussed based on the latest evidence from the PD and general populations, with insights for future research pertaining to GI dysfunction in PD.

Case Report

A KMT2B Frameshift Variant Causing Focal Dystonia Restricted to the Oromandibular Region After Long-Term Follow-up: Alfand Marl F. Dy Closas, Katja Lohmann, Ai Huey Tan, Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim, Jia Lun Lim, Yi Wen Tay, Kalai Arasu Muthusamy, Azlina Binti Ahmad-Annuar, Christine Klein, Shen-Yang Lim; J Mov Disord. 2023;16(1):91-94. Published online December 20, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.22109

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: KMT2B-linked dystonia (DYT-KMT2B) is a childhood-onset dystonia syndrome typically beginning in the lower limbs and progressing caudocranially to affect the upper limbs with eventual prominent craniocervical involvement. Despite its recent recognition, it now appears to be one of the more common monogenic causes of dystonia syndromes. Here, we present an atypical case of DYT-KMT2B with oromandibular dystonia as the presenting feature, which remained restricted to this region three decades after symptom onset. This appears to be the first reported case of DYT-KMT2B from Southeast Asia and provides further supporting evidence for the pathogenic impact of the KMT2B c.6210_6213delTGAG variant.

Brief communication

Movement Disorders Resulting From Bilateral Basal Ganglia Lesions in End-Stage Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review: Kah Hui Yap, Nurul Husna Baharudin, Abdul Halim Abdul Gafor, Rabani Remli, Shen-Yang Lim, Wan Asyraf Wan Zaidi, Shahrul Azmin, Shahizon Azura Mohamed Mukari, Raihanah Abdul Khalid, Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim; J Mov Disord. 2022;15(3):258-263. Published online May 26, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.21185

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Objective
The basal ganglia (BG) are susceptible to fluctuations in blood urea levels, sometimes resulting in movement disorders. We described patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) presenting with movement disorders associated with bilateral BG lesions on imaging.
Methods
We report four patients and systematically reviewed all published cases of ESKD presenting with movement disorders and bilateral BG lesions (EBSCOhost and Ovid).
Results
Of the 72 patients identified, 55 (76.4%) were on regular dialysis. Parkinsonism was the most common movement disorder (n = 39; 54.2%), followed by chorea (n = 24; 33.3%). Diabetes mellitus (n = 51; 70.8%) and hypertension (n = 16; 22.2%) were the most common risk factors. Forty-three (59.7%) were of Asian ethnicity. Complete clinical resolution was reported in 17 (30.9%) patients, while 38 (69.1%) had incomplete clinical resolution with relapse. Complete radiological resolution occurred in 14 (34.1%) patients.
Conclusion
Movement disorders associated with BG lesions should be recognized as a rare and potentially reversible metabolic movement disorder in patients with ESKD.

Original Article

Fecal Calprotectin in Parkinson’s Disease and Multiple System Atrophy: Jia Wei Hor, Shen-Yang Lim, Eng Soon Khor, Kah Kian Chong, Sze Looi Song, Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim, Cindy Shuan Ju Teh, Chun Wie Chong, Ida Normiha Hilmi, Ai Huey Tan; J Mov Disord. 2022;15(2):106-114. Published online December 24, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.21085

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objective
Converging evidence suggests that intestinal inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Previous studies on fecal calprotectin in Parkinson’s disease (PD) were limited by small sample sizes, and literature regarding intestinal inflammation in multiple system atrophy (MSA) is very scarce. We investigated the levels of fecal calprotectin, a marker of intestinal inflammation, in PD and MSA.
Methods
We recruited 169 subjects (71 PD, 38 MSA, and 60 age-similar nonneurological controls). Clinico-demographic data were collected. PD and MSA were subtyped and the severity assessed using the MDS-UPDRS and UMSARS, respectively. Fecal calprotectin and blood immune markers were analyzed.
Results
Compared to controls (median: 35.7 [IQR: 114.2] μg/g), fecal calprotectin was significantly elevated in PD (median: 95.6 [IQR: 162.1] μg/g, p = 0.003) and even higher in MSA (median: 129.5 [IQR: 373.8] μg/g, p = 0.002). A significant interaction effect with age was observed; between-group differences were significant only in older subjects (i.e., ≥ 61 years) and became more apparent with increasing age. A total of 28.9% of MSA and 18.3% of PD patients had highly abnormal fecal calprotectin levels (≥ 250 μg/g); however, this difference was only significant for MSA compared to controls. Fecal calprotectin correlated moderately with selected blood immune markers in PD, but not with clinical features of PD or MSA.
Conclusions
Elevated fecal calprotectin suggests a role for intestinal inflammation in PD and MSA. A more complete understanding of gut immune alterations could open up new avenues of research and treatment for these debilitating diseases.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Inflammation in multiple system atrophy
Marta Leńska-Mieciek, Natalia Madetko-Alster, Piotr Alster, Leszek Królicki, Urszula Fiszer, Dariusz Koziorowski
Frontiers in Immunology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Gut-to-brain spreading of pathology in synucleinopathies: A focus on molecular signalling mediators
Verena Schmitt, Rebecca Katharina Masanetz, Martin Weidenfeller, Lara Savannah Ebbinghaus, Patrick Süß, Stephan P. Rosshart, Stephan von Hörsten, Friederike Zunke, Jürgen Winkler, Wei Xiang
Behavioural Brain Research.2023; 452: 114574. CrossRef
Calprotectin, Biomarker of Depression in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease?
Miorita Melina Iordache, Anca Mihaela Belu, Sabina E. Vlad, Kamer Ainur Aivaz, Andrei Dumitru, Cristina Tocia, Eugen Dumitru
Medicina.2023; 59(7): 1240. CrossRef
Different pieces of the same puzzle: a multifaceted perspective on the complex biological basis of Parkinson’s disease
Amica C. Müller-Nedebock, Marieke C. J. Dekker, Matthew J. Farrer, Nobutaka Hattori, Shen-Yang Lim, George D. Mellick, Irena Rektorová, Mohamed Salama, Artur F. S. Schuh, A. Jon Stoessl, Carolyn M. Sue, Ai Huey Tan, Rene L. Vidal, Christine Klein, Soraya
npj Parkinson's Disease.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
The microbiome–gut–brain axis in Parkinson disease — from basic research to the clinic
Ai Huey Tan, Shen Yang Lim, Anthony E. Lang
Nature Reviews Neurology.2022; 18(8): 476. CrossRef
The Gut Microbiome–Brain Crosstalk in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Laura Ghezzi, Claudia Cantoni, Emanuela Rotondo, Daniela Galimberti
Biomedicines.2022; 10(7): 1486. CrossRef
Gastrointestinal Involvement in Extra-Digestive Disease: Which Is the Role of Fecal Calprotectin?
Angela Saviano, Marcello Candelli, Christian Zanza, Andrea Piccioni, Alessio Migneco, Veronica Ojetti
Medicina.2022; 58(10): 1384. CrossRef

Letters to the editor

Hyperglycemia-Associated Hemichorea-Hemiballismus with Predominant Ipsilateral Putaminal Abnormality on Neuroimaging: Si Lei Fong, Ai Huey Tan, Kar Foo Lau, Norlisah Ramli, Shen-Yang Lim; J Mov Disord. 2019;12(3):187-189. Published online August 9, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.19014

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Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Consideration for Hemiballismus in the Differential Diagnosis: A Rare Case of Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State
Iman Isayli, Nicolas Ulloa, John Childress
Cureus.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
A Case of Diabetic Hemichorea Hemiballismus Exacerbated by Hypoglycemia
Jessica Rupp, Avrum Gillespie
AACE Clinical Case Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Hemicorea inducida por hiperglucemia no cetósica: discordancia clínicorradiológica
Juan Pablo García Marmolejo, Manuel David Mayoral Valencia, Paola Andrea Tejada Serna
Universitas Médica.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood in a Person of Malay Ethnicity with Diffusion Tensor Imaging Abnormalities: Ai Huey Tan, Tien Lee Ong, Norlisah Ramli, Li Kuo Tan, Jia Lun Lim, Mohamad Addin Azhan, Azlina Ahmad-Annuar, Khairul Azmi Ibrahim, Zariah Abdul-Aziz, Laurie J. Ozelius, Allison Brashear, Shen-Yang Lim; J Mov Disord. 2019;12(2):132-134. Published online May 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.18063

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Citations

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White matter and cerebellar involvement in alternating hemiplegia of childhood
Mariasavina Severino, Livia Pisciotta, Domenico Tortora, Benedetta Toselli, Michela Stagnaro, Ramona Cordani, Giovanni Morana, Anna Zicca, Svetlana Kotzeva, Clelia Zanaboni, Giovanni Montobbio, Andrea Rossi, Elisa De Grandis
Journal of Neurology.2020; 267(5): 1300. CrossRef

Chorea in Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease: Ai Huey Tan, Tsun Haw Toh, Soon Chai Low, Si Lei Fong, Kah Kian Chong, Kee Wei Lee, Khean Jin Goh, Shen-Yang Lim; J Mov Disord. 2018;11(3):149-151. Published online August 9, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.18017

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3 Citations

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Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Atypical and early symptoms of sporadic Creutzfeldt – Jakob disease: case series and review of the literature
Grammatiki Katsikaki, Ioannis E. Dagklis, Petros Angelopoulos, Dimitrios Ntantos, Angeliki Prevezianou, Sevasti Bostantjopoulou
International Journal of Neuroscience.2021; 131(9): 927. CrossRef
Review of Hereditary and Acquired Rare Choreas
Daniel Martinez-Ramirez, Ruth H. Walker, Mayela Rodríguez-Violante, Emilia M. Gatto
Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
A Case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Presented as Rapid Progressive Parkinsonism
Yoonah Park, Chan-Nyeong Lee
Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders.2019; 18(4): 152. CrossRef

Case Reports

Purposeless Groaning in Parkinson’s Disease: Shen-Yang Lim, Ai Huey Tan, Jia Lun Lim, Azlina Ahmad-Annuar; J Mov Disord. 2018;11(2):87-88. Published online May 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.18004

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5 Citations

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Purpose
less groaning has been reported in advanced progressive supranuclear palsy. We present a case of purposeless groaning occurring as a primary complaint in a patient with advanced Parkinson’s disease. Purposeless groaning is thought to be a manifestation of disinhibition and perseveration due to frontal-subcortical dysfunction. Proper recognition of this phenomenon will help clinicians to avoid unnecessary investigations and treatment (e.g., prescription of opioid medications).

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

OFF-Period Purposeless Groaning in Parkinsonism
Vikash Agarwal, Jeyalakshmi Rajan, Norlisah Ramli, Cecilia Santiago, DushyanthB Jasti, AiHuey Tan, Shen-Yang Lim
Neurology India.2022; 70(3): 1232. CrossRef
Involuntary moaning in a Hispanic family with eight affected members
Maria Gisatulin, Malco Rossi, Claudia Perandones, Christine Klein, Katja Lohmann, Marcelo Merello
Parkinsonism & Related Disorders.2021; 89: 206. CrossRef
Involuntary Groaning Induced by Levodopa Therapy in a Patient With Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
Jung E. Park
JAMA Neurology.2020; 77(12): 1569. CrossRef
Clinical Phenotype of LRRK2 R1441C in 2 Chinese Sisters
Shen-Yang Lim, Jia Lun Lim, Azlina Ahmad-Annuar, Katja Lohmann, Ai Huey Tan, Kai Bin Lim, Yi Wen Tay, Yee Lee Shing, Kalai Arasu Muthusamy, Peter Bauer, Arndt Rolfs, Christine Klein
Neurodegenerative Diseases.2020; 20(1): 39. CrossRef
The spectrum of involuntary vocalizations in humans: A video atlas
Tina Mainka, Bettina Balint, Felix Gövert, Lille Kurvits, Christoph van Riesen, Andrea A. Kühn, Marina A.J. Tijssen, Andrew J. Lees, Kirsten Müller‐Vahl, Kailash P. Bhatia, Christos Ganos
Movement Disorders.2019; 34(12): 1774. CrossRef

A Patient with Beta-Propeller Protein-Associated Neurodegeneration: Treatment with Iron Chelation Therapy: Shen-Yang Lim, Ai Huey Tan, Azlina Ahmad-Annuar, Susanne A. Schneider, Ping Chong Bee, Jia Lun Lim, Norlisah Ramli, Mohamad Imran Idris; J Mov Disord. 2018;11(2):89-92. Published online May 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.17082

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11 Citations

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

We present a case of beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration, a form of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. The patient harbored a novel mutation in the WDR45 gene. A detailed video and description of her clinical condition are provided. Her movement disorder phenomenology was characterized primarily by limb stereotypies and gait dyspraxia. The patient’s disability was advanced by the time iron-chelating therapy with deferiprone was initiated, and no clinical response in terms of cognitive function, behavior, speech, or movements were observed after one year of treatment.

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Rachel M. Wise, Annika Wagener, Urban M. Fietzek, Thomas Klopstock, Eugene V. Mosharov, Fabio A. Zucca, David Sulzer, Luigi Zecca, Lena F. Burbulla
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Kiwako Tsukida, Shin-ichi Muramatsu, Hitoshi Osaka, Takanori Yamagata, Kazuhiro Muramatsu
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Dinkar Kulshreshtha, Jacky Ganguly, Mandar Jog
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Emerging Disease-Modifying Therapies in Neurodegeneration With Brain Iron Accumulation (NBIA) Disorders
Vassilena Iankova, Ivan Karin, Thomas Klopstock, Susanne A. Schneider
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Consensus clinical management guideline for beta‐propeller protein‐associated neurodegeneration
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Towards Precision Therapies for Inherited Disorders of Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation
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The roles of iron and HFE genotype in neurological diseases
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