KMDS
E-submission
Search
- Page Path
- HOME > Search
Original Article
- Eye Movement and Gait Variability Analysis in Chinese Patients With Huntington’s Disease
- Shu-Xia Qian, Yu-Feng Bao, Xiao-Yan Li, Yi Dong, Zhi-Ying Wu
- J Mov Disord. 2025;18(1):65-76. Published online December 9, 2024
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.24151
- 3,733 View
- 95 Download
- 2 Web of Science
- 2 Crossref
-
Abstract
PDF
Supplementary Material - Objective
Huntington’s disease (HD) is characterized by motor, cognitive, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Oculomotor impairments and gait variability have been independently considered as potential markers in HD. However, an integrated analysis of eye movement and gait is lacking. We performed multiple examinations of eye movement and gait variability in HTT mutation carriers, analyzed the consistency between these parameters and clinical severity, and then examined the associations between oculomotor impairments and gait deficits.
Methods
We included 7 patients with pre-HD, 30 patients with HD and 30 age-matched controls. We collected demographic data and assessed the Unified Huntington’s Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) score. Examinations, including saccades, smooth pursuit tests, and optokinetic (OPK) tests, were performed to evaluate eye movement function. The parameters of gait include stride length, walking velocity, step deviation, step length, and gait phase.
Results
HD patients have significant impairments in the latency and velocity of saccades, the gain of smooth pursuit, and the gain and slow phase velocities of OPK tests. Only the speed of saccades significantly differed between pre-HD patients and controls. There are significant impairments in stride length, walking velocity, step length, and gait phase in HD patients. The parameters of eye movement and gait variability in HD patients were consistent with the UHDRS scores. There were significant correlations between eye movement and gait parameters.
Conclusion
Our results show that eye movement and gait are impaired in HD patients and that the speed of saccades is impaired early in pre-HD. Eye movement and gait abnormalities in HD patients are significantly correlated with clinical disease severity. -
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation-based neuroplasticity in the treatment of amblyopia
Yilong Lin, Kaifang Cai
Journal of Neuroscience Methods.2025; 419: 110464. CrossRef - Brain functional activity of Parkinson’s disease patients under a virtual reality eye movement task: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study
Yanzhi Liu, Ziqian Shi, Lifeng Wang, Chuyan Yang, Xinyan Wang, Yongzhong Lin, Liping Qi
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation-based neuroplasticity in the treatment of amblyopia
Review Article
- Abnormal Eye Movements in Parkinsonism and Movement Disorders
- Ileok Jung, Ji-Soo Kim
- J Mov Disord. 2019;12(1):1-13. Published online January 30, 2019
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.18034
- 30,467 View
- 1,048 Download
- 48 Web of Science
- 50 Crossref
-
Abstract
PDFSupplementary Material
- Abnormal eye movements are commonly observed in movement disorders. Ocular motility examination should include bedside evaluation and laboratory recording of ocular misalignment, involuntary eye movements, including nystagmus and saccadic intrusions/oscillations, triggered nystagmus, saccades, smooth pursuit (SP), and the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) mostly show hypometric saccades, especially for the selfpaced saccades, and impaired SP. Early vertical saccadic palsy is characteristic of progressive supranuclear palsy-Richardson’s syndrome. Patients with cortico-basal syndrome typically show a delayed onset of saccades. Downbeat and gaze-evoked nystagmus and hypermetric saccades are characteristic ocular motor findings in ataxic disorders due to cerebellar dysfunction. In this review, we discuss various ocular motor findings in movement disorders, including PD and related disorders, ataxic syndromes, and hyperkinetic movement disorders. Systemic evaluation of the ocular motor functions may provide valuable information for early detection and monitoring of movement disorders, despite an overlap in the abnormal eye movements among different movement disorders.
-
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Ocular motor dysfunction in patients with multiple system atrophy and Parkinson’s disease
Xia Ling, Xinyan Ma, Zhirong Wan, Yunchuang Sun, Fan Li, Luhua Wei, Kai Li, Jing Chen, Guiping Zhao, Ji-Soo Kim, Xu Yang, Zhaoxia Wang
Clinical Neurophysiology.2026; 181: 2111413. CrossRef - Untersuchung der Okulomotorik am Patientenbett
Heike Link, Wolf Alexander Lagrèze, Navid Farassat
Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde.2026; 243(01): 5. CrossRef - Diagnostic Value of Bedside Eye Movement Examination in Movement Disorders
Eloísa Bittencurt Thomaz de Assis, Paula Martínez Ruiz, Cristina Acosta Gudiel, Hüseyin Nezih Özdemir, Diego Kaski
Movement Disorders Clinical Practice.2026;[Epub] CrossRef - Expanding the horizon of oculomics: A narrative review on the emerging roles of the anterior segment and mobile health
Jaemyoung Sung, Akie Midorikawa-Inomata, Kenta Fujio, Takenori Inomata
Survey of Ophthalmology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef - Advances in ocular motor and pupil biomarkers for neurological disorders
Ana Coito, Dominik Brügger, Tatiana Brémovà-Ertl, Pia Massatsch, Mathias Abegg, Konrad P Weber, Anke Salmen
Brain Communications.2026;[Epub] CrossRef - Printed Microscale Photonic Resonant Structured Photodetectors for Monitoring Eye Movement Abnormalities
Sisi Chen, Jianan Zhang, Mikhail Mikhailovskii, Haole Guo, Hongfei Xie, Qi Pan, Yuming Hu, Lijun Cheng, Zhiyu Tan, Yang Yun, Artem Kuzmin, Shengsheng Jiang, Yali Sun, Dongdong Wu, Roman Savelev, Teng Han, Yanlin Song, Meng Su
ACS Sensors.2026;[Epub] CrossRef - Non-nystagmus hyperkinetic eye movement disorders
Francesco Certo, Giulia Salvucci, Chiara Casellato, Chiara Gambini, Gaia Donata Oggioni, Tommaso Bocci, Alberto Priori
Neurological Sciences.2025; 46(7): 3021. CrossRef - Eye movement abnormalities in Parkinson’s disease motor subtypes: a video-oculographic study
Jolanda Buonocore, Alessio Facchin, Marianna Crasà, Giulia Sgrò, Alessia Cristofaro, Aldo Quattrone, Andrea Quattrone
Neurological Sciences.2025; 46(8): 3677. CrossRef - Eye movement abnormalities in normal pressure hydrocephalus: a video-oculographic study
Alessio Facchin, Jolanda Buonocore, Giulia Sgrò, Alessia Cristofaro, Marianna Crasà, Chiara Camastra, Maria Grazia Vaccaro, Aldo Quattrone, Andrea Quattrone
Journal of Neurology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Follow-up observation of eye movements in multiple system atrophy and Parkinson’s disease: a cohort study
Yinglin Leng, Hong Zhou, Luhua Wei, Yanyan Jiang, Xia Wang, Yunchuang Sun, Fan Li, Jing Chen, Wei Sun, Wei Wang, Lin Zhang, Guiping Zhao, Zhaoxia Wang
BMJ Open.2025; 15(7): e094106. CrossRef - Criteri diagnostici delle degenerazioni corticobasali
I. Benatru, O. Colin
EMC - Neurologia.2025; 25(3): 1. CrossRef - Motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease: critical markers for early AI-assisted diagnosis
Ni Yang, Jing Liu, Dan Sun, Jiajun Ding, Lingzhi Sun, Xianghua Qi, Wei Yan
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Towards scalable screening for the early detection of Parkinson’s disease: validation of an iPad-based eye movement assessment system against a clinical-grade eye tracker
Jamie Koerner, Erin Zou, Jessica A. Karl, Cynthia Poon, Leo Verhagen Metman, Charles G. Sodini, Vivienne Sze, Fabian J. David, Thomas Heldt
npj Parkinson's Disease.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Patterns and causes of supranuclear vertical gaze palsy: A retrospective, single-institutional study in 113 patients
Daniela Kern, Katharina Raber, Gerit Wünsch, Petra Schwingenschuh
Clinical Parkinsonism & Related Disorders.2025; 13: 100394. CrossRef - Untersuchung der Okulomotorik am Patientenbett
Heike Link, Wolf Alexander Lagrèze, Navid Farassat
Augenheilkunde up2date.2025; 15(04): 277. CrossRef - Mixed-Reality System for Neurodegenerative Disorders: Design, Implementation, and User Evaluation
Daria Hemmerling, Paweł Jemioło, Mateusz Danioł, Marek Wodziński, Miłosz Dudek, Marta Kaczmarska, Kinga Jasiewicz, Magdalena Igras-Cybulska, Jakub Kamiński, Magdalena Wojcik-Pędziwiatr
IEEE Pervasive Computing.2025; 24(4): 41. CrossRef - Non-Verbal Social Skills Assessment in Rett Syndrome: a Systematic Review
Xin-yan Zhang, Karen Spruyt
Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders.2024; 11(4): 863. CrossRef - The semicircular canal function is preserved with little impact on falls in patients with mild Parkinson's disease
Jun-Pyo Hong, Hanim Kwon, Euyhyun Park, Sun-Uk Lee, Chan-Nyoung Lee, Byung-Jo Kim, Ji-Soo Kim, Kun-Woo Park
Parkinsonism & Related Disorders.2024; 118: 105933. CrossRef - Abnormal Ocular Movement in the Early Stage of Multiple-System Atrophy With Predominant Parkinsonism Distinct From Parkinson’s Disease
Hong Zhou, Luhua Wei, Yanyan Jiang, Xia Wang, Yunchuang Sun, Fan Li, Jing Chen, Wei Sun, Lin Zhang, Guiping Zhao, Zhaoxia Wang
Journal of Clinical Neurology.2024; 20(1): 37. CrossRef - Clinical value of video oculomotor evaluation in the differential diagnosis of multiple system atrophy and Parkinson's disease
Dongxiao Zhou, Qian Ma, Haiwei Huang, Xue Xu
Brain and Behavior.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Advancements in eye movement measurement technologies for assessing neurodegenerative diseases
Tali G. Band, Rotem Z. Bar-Or, Edmund Ben-Ami
Frontiers in Digital Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Naturalistic Eye Movement Tasks in Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review
Melissa C. Gibbs, Jenna Huxley, Megan Rose Readman, Megan Polden, Oliver Bredemeyer, Trevor J. Crawford, Chrystalina A. Antoniades
Journal of Parkinson’s Disease.2024; 14(7): 1369. CrossRef - Smartphone video nystagmography using convolutional neural networks: ConVNG
Maximilian U. Friedrich, Erich Schneider, Miriam Buerklein, Johannes Taeger, Johannes Hartig, Jens Volkmann, Robert Peach, Daniel Zeller
Journal of Neurology.2023; 270(5): 2518. CrossRef - Midbrain and pons MRI shape analysis and its clinical and CSF correlates in degenerative parkinsonisms: a pilot study
C. Painous, S. Pascual-Diaz, E. Muñoz-Moreno, V. Sánchez, JC. Pariente, A. Prats-Galino, M. Soto, M. Fernández, A. Pérez-Soriano, A. Camara, E. Muñoz, F. Valldeoriola, N. Caballol, C. Pont-Sunyer, N. Martin, M. Basora, M. Tio, J. Rios, MJ. Martí, N. Barga
European Radiology.2023; 33(7): 4540. CrossRef - Saw-tooth vertical saccades in progressive supranuclear palsy
Min-Ku Kim, Dongje Lee, Xu Yang, Hyo-Jung Kim, Jeong‑Yoon Choi, Ji-Soo Kim
Journal of Neurology.2023; 270(7): 3644. CrossRef - Spinocerebellar ataxia type 14 (SCA14) in an Argentinian family: a case report
Niharika Duggirala, Kathie J. Ngo, Sabrina M. Pagnoni, Alberto L. Rosa, Brent L. Fogel
Journal of Medical Case Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Abnormal eye movements in Parkinson's disease: From experimental study to clinical application
Han Li, Xue Zhang, Yong Yang, Anmu Xie
Parkinsonism & Related Disorders.2023; 115: 105791. CrossRef - Oculomotor Abnormalities in a Sheep (Ovis aries) Model of Huntington’s Disease: Towards a Biomarker for Assessing Therapeutic Efficacy
Sebastian D. McBride, Jan Ober, Jacek Dylak, William Schneider, A. Jennifer Morton
Journal of Huntington's Disease.2023; 12(3): 189. CrossRef - Head-impulse tests aid in differentiation of multiple system atrophy from Parkinson’s disease
Jae-Gyum Kim, Sung-Hwan Kim, Sun-Uk Lee, Chan-Nyoung Lee, Byung-Jo Kim, Ji-Soo Kim, Kun-Woo Park
Journal of Neurology.2022; 269(6): 2972. CrossRef - Overt Oculomotor Behavior Reveals Covert Temporal Predictions
Alessandro Tavano, Sonja A. Kotz
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Eye tracking identifies biomarkers in α-synucleinopathies versus progressive supranuclear palsy
Mahboubeh Habibi, Wolfgang H. Oertel, Brian J. White, Donald C. Brien, Brian C. Coe, Heidi C. Riek, Julia Perkins, Rachel Yep, Laurent Itti, Lars Timmermann, Christoph Best, Elisabeth Sittig, Annette Janzen, Douglas P. Munoz
Journal of Neurology.2022; 269(9): 4920. CrossRef - A Case of AOA2 With Compound Heterozygous SETX Mutations
Hee Jin Chang, Ryul Kim, Minchae Kim, Jangsup Moon, Man Jin Kim, Han-Joon Kim
Journal of Movement Disorders.2022; 15(2): 178. CrossRef - Reading Warm-Up, Reading Skill, and Reading Prosody When Reading the My Grandfather Passage: An Exploratory Study Born Out of the Motor Planning Theory of Prosody and Reading Prosody Research
Frank Boutsen, Eunsun Park, Justin D. Dvorak
Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research.2022; 65(6): 2047. CrossRef - Eye movement abnormalities in neurodegenerative langerhans cell histiocytosis
Lila Autier, Bertrand Gaymard, Eléonore Bayen, Antoine Del Cul, Fleur Cohen-Aubart, Nadine Martin-Duverneuil, Julien Haroche, Karima Mokhtari, Sébastien Héritier, Jean Donadieu, Khê Hoang-Xuan, Ahmed Idbaih
Neurological Sciences.2022; 43(11): 6539. CrossRef - Multiple step saccades in simply reactive saccades could serve as a complementary biomarker for the early diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease
Wenbo Ma, Min Li, Junru Wu, Zhihao Zhang, Fangfang Jia, Mingsha Zhang, Hagai Bergman, Xuemei Li, Zhipei Ling, Xin Xu
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - The effects of age and sex on the incidence of multiple step saccades and corrective saccades
Wenbo Ma, Mingsha Zhang
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Oculomotor impairments in de novo Parkinson’s disease
Meng-Xi Zhou, Qin Wang, Yin Lin, Qian Xu, Li Wu, Ya-Jing Chen, Yu-Han Jiang, Qing He, Lei Zhao, You-Rong Dong, Jian-Ren Liu, Wei Chen
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - A Story of Discovery and Change: What We Learned from Studying Nystagmus in Infancy and Childhood
Richard W. Hertle
Journal of Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility.2022; 72(3): 113. CrossRef - Swabhava Vipratipatti Adhyaya of Sushruta Sutra Sthana - An Explorative Study
Prasad Mamidi, Kshama Gupta
Journal of Integrated Health Sciences.2022; 10(1): 22. CrossRef - Eye movement especially vertical oculomotor impairment as an aid to assess Parkinson’s disease
JianYuan Zhang, Bin Zhang, QingGuo Ren, Qing Zhong, Ye Li, GuoTao Liu, XiaoTian Ma, CuiPing Zhao
Neurological Sciences.2021; 42(6): 2337. CrossRef - Abnormalities of smooth pursuit in Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review
Karen Frei
Clinical Parkinsonism & Related Disorders.2021; 4: 100085. CrossRef - Central nystagmus in progressive supranuclear palsy: A neglected clinical feature?
Maja Klarendic, Manja Hribar, Nina Bozanic Urbancic, Nina Zupancic, Milica G. Kramberger, Maja Trost, Saba Battelino, Diego Kaski, Maja Kojovic
Parkinsonism & Related Disorders.2021; 84: 15. CrossRef - Analysis of vertical eye movements in Parkinson’s disease and its potential for diagnosis
Sajjad Farashi
Applied Intelligence.2021; 51(11): 8260. CrossRef - Abnormal eye movements in parkinsonism: a historical view
Tereza Ko, Augusto Mädke Brenner, Nicholas Pili Monteiro, Mariana Severo Debastiani, Alberto Chitolina Nesello, Arlete Hilbig
Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria.2021; 79(5): 457. CrossRef - Morphological classification and changes in dementia (Review)
Alexandra Tudor, Antonia Vasile, Simona Trifu, Mihai Cristea
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Ophthalmological findings in movement disorders
Sahil Mehta, Aastha Takkar, Sucharita Ray, Vivek Lal
Annals of Movement Disorders.2021; 4(1): 10. CrossRef - BCAP31-related syndrome: The first de novo report
Berardo Rinaldi, Evelien Van Hoof, Anniek Corveleyn, Annick Van Cauter, Thomy de Ravel
European Journal of Medical Genetics.2020; 63(2): 103732. CrossRef - Hypomania and saccadic changes in Parkinson’s disease: influence of D2 and D3 dopaminergic signalling
Esther A. Pelzer, Barbara Dillenburger, Sophie Grundmann, Vladimir Iliaev, Sophie Aschenberg, Corina Melzer, Martin Hess, Gereon R. Fink, Carsten Eggers, Marc Tittgemeyer, Lars Timmermann
npj Parkinson's Disease.2020;[Epub] CrossRef - Management of Visual Dysfunction in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease
Joseph Savitt, Rachid Aouchiche, Bastiaan R. Bloem, Patrik Brundin
Journal of Parkinson’s Disease.2020; 10(s1): S49. CrossRef - Ocular motor manifestations of movement disorders
Grace F. Crotty, Bart K. Chwalisz
Current Opinion in Ophthalmology.2019; 30(6): 443. CrossRef
- Ocular motor dysfunction in patients with multiple system atrophy and Parkinson’s disease
Original Article
- Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder in Parkinson’s Disease: A Preliminary Study
- Chang Soo Kim, Young Hee Sung, Min Ju Kang, Kee Hyung Park
- J Mov Disord. 2016;9(2):114-119. Published online March 2, 2016
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.15039
- 20,127 View
- 154 Download
- 8 Web of Science
- 10 Crossref
-
Abstract
PDF
- Objective
Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is associated with α-synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). We aimed to assess the differences in the clinical characteristics of PD with and without RBD.
Methods
Forty-two patients previously diagnosed with PD were evaluated for clinical history, motor and cognitive functioning using the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), autonomic symptoms, sleep characteristics using the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the presence of RBD using the Korean version of the RBD screening questionnaire (RBDSQ). The prevalence of RBD and the patients’ demographic features were evaluated. The patients were classified into two groups, PD with RBD and PD without RBD, based on the RBDSQ scores. The motor and cognitive functions, as well as other clinical features of the two groups were compared.
Results
A total of 42 PD patients were enrolled. Eighteen patients were classified as PD with RBD. Compared to PD without RBD, PD with RBD showed higher scores of rigidity in the UPDRS subscale. Regarding sleep problems, PD with RBD revealed higher sleep disturbance, lower sleep efficiency, and lower overall sleep quality in the PSQI. There was no difference in cognitive dysfunction between the two groups according to the Korean version of the MMSE.
Conclusions
PD with RBD was associated with poorer sleep and motor symptoms. Therefore, RBD symptoms in PD are possibly poor prognostic markers. -
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Association of demographic variables with Forman Parkinson’s disease Symptom checklist (FPDSC) among Pakistani patients of Parkinson’s disease.
Bushra Akram, Ivan Suneel
Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research.2025; 40(2): 247. CrossRef - Association of demographic variables with Forman Parkinson’s disease Symptom checklist (FPDSC) among Pakistani patients of Parkinson’s disease.
Bushra Akram, Ivan Suneel
Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research.2025; 40(2): 723. CrossRef - Cerebellar Microstructural Abnormalities in Parkinson’s Disease: a Systematic Review of Diffusion Tensor Imaging Studies
Maryam Haghshomar, Parnian Shobeiri, Seyed Arsalan Seyedi, Fatemeh Abbasi-Feijani, Amirhossein Poopak, Houman Sotoudeh, Arash Kamali, Mohammad Hadi Aarabi
The Cerebellum.2022; 21(4): 545. CrossRef - A data-driven system to identify REM sleep behavior disorder and to predict its progression from the prodromal stage in Parkinson's disease
Matteo Cesari, Julie A.E. Christensen, Maria-Lucia Muntean, Brit Mollenhauer, Friederike Sixel-Döring, Helge B.D. Sorensen, Claudia Trenkwalder, Poul Jennum
Sleep Medicine.2021; 77: 238. CrossRef - Impact of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Cognitive and Motor Functions in Parkinson's Disease
Mohamed Elfil, Eshak I. Bahbah, Mahmoud M. Attia, Mohamed Eldokmak, Brian B. Koo
Movement Disorders.2021; 36(3): 570. CrossRef - Sleep Disorders and Cognitive Dysfunctions in Parkinson’s Disease: A Meta-Analytic Study
Gianpaolo Maggi, Luigi Trojano, Paolo Barone, Gabriella Santangelo
Neuropsychology Review.2021; 31(4): 643. CrossRef - Risk stratification for REM sleep behavior disorder in patients with Parkinson’s disease: A PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis and systematic review
Chengjuan Xie, Mingyu Zhu, Ying Hu
Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery.2021; 202: 106484. CrossRef - REM sleep behavior disorder portends poor prognosis in Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review
Yoon Kim, Young Eun Kim, Eun Ok Park, Chae Won Shin, Han-Joon Kim, Beomseok Jeon
Journal of Clinical Neuroscience.2018; 47: 6. CrossRef - Prevalence of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) in Parkinson’s disease: a meta and meta-regression analysis
Xiaona Zhang, Xiaoxuan Sun, Junhong Wang, Liou Tang, Anmu Xie
Neurological Sciences.2017; 38(1): 163. CrossRef - Clinical variations in Parkinson’s disease patients with or without REM sleep behaviour disorder: a meta-analysis
Ruo-lin Zhu, Cheng-juan Xie, Pan-pan Hu, Kai Wang
Scientific Reports.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
- Association of demographic variables with Forman Parkinson’s disease Symptom checklist (FPDSC) among Pakistani patients of Parkinson’s disease.
First
Prev
