Journal of Movement Disorders

Review Article

Functional Movement Disorders: Updates and Clinical Overview: Jung E Park; J Mov Disord. 2024;17(3):251-261. Published online July 1, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.24126

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Functional movement disorder (FMD) is a type of functional neurological disorder that is common but often difficult to diagnose or manage. FMD can present as various phenotypes, including tremor, dystonia, myoclonus, gait disorders, and parkinsonism. Conducting a clinical examination appropriate for assessing a patient with suspected FMD is important, and various diagnostic testing maneuvers may also be helpful. Treatment involving a multidisciplinary team, either outpatient or inpatient, has been found to be most effective. Examples of such treatment protocols are also discussed in this review. While recognition and understanding of the disorder has improved over the past few decades, as well as the development of treatments, it is not uncommon for patients and physicians to continue to experience various difficulties when dealing with this disorder. In this review, I provide a practical overview of FMD and discuss how the clinical encounter itself can play a role in patients’ acceptance of the diagnosis. Recent neuroimaging studies that aid in understanding the pathophysiology are also discussed.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Emerging Trends in Functional Movement Disorders Consultations and the Impact of a Major Life Event
Daniel S. Marín‐Medina, Gala Lopez, Malco Rossi, Marcelo Merello
Movement Disorders Clinical Practice.2026; 13(2): 515. CrossRef
A review of treatment methods for movement disorders
Mahdi Khezri, Shakiba Afsar
Behavioural Brain Research.2026; 500: 115979. CrossRef
Epidemiology of Functional Neurological Disorder: The Clinical Spectrum
Emma Woo, Gabriela S. Gilmour
Seminars in Neurology.2026; 46(02): 134. CrossRef
Practical assessment of motor preparation–execution coupling during active ankle dorsiflexion in post-stroke gait: A pilot study
Hiroki Ito, Hideaki Yamaguchi, Kazumasa Ukai, Ryosuke Yamauchi, Ken Kitai, Takayuki Kodama
Clinical Neurophysiology Practice.2026; 11: 54. CrossRef
Rehabilitation Therapies for Functional Neurological Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials
Eva S. Keatley, Molly Cairncross, Shreya Raman, Ivan R. Molton, Esther Choi, Kiarah O’Kane, Alison S. Buchholz, Kathrin LaFaver, Rachel V. Aaron
The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Movement disorder emergencies at a tertiary-care center in West Bengal, India: Spectrum, etiologies, diagnostic implications
Dinesh Kumar Manna, Ankur Banik, Debsadhan Biswas, Sandip Pal, Asutosh Pal, Arkaprabha Sau, Mihira Chakravarthy, Julián Benito-León
Next Research.2026; 9: 101706. CrossRef
Discrepancies between patient-reported and physician-reported severity and disability in functional and non-functional movement disorders
Olof CB Vermeulen, Tjerk J Lagrand, Jeannette Gelauff, Marjolein Brusse-Keizer, Alexander Lehn, Marina A J Tijssen
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry.2026; : jnnp-2025-336650. CrossRef
Características sociodemográficas y clínicas de pacientes con trastornos del movimiento funcional, en un hospital de atención neurológica en México
Daniel Crail Meléndez, José Alberto Sánchez-Garza, Daniela Ortiz Zacarias, Sergio Andrés Castillo-Torres, María Patricia Marroquín Loredo
Acta Neurológica Colombiana.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
The psychological impact of pediatric movement disorders on families: brief report
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Acta Neurológica Colombiana.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Reduced microstructural white matter integrity is associated with the severity of physical symptoms in functional neurological disorder
Nicolas Gninenko, Eliane Müller, Selma Aybek
NeuroImage: Clinical.2025; 46: 103791. CrossRef
Functional Movement Disorder: Evolving Mechanisms, Diagnostic Precision, and Personalized Multidisciplinary Care
Emmanuel Ortega‐Robles, Ali Shalash, Jesús Ramírez‐Bermúdez, Oscar Arias‐Carrión
Movement Disorders Clinical Practice.2025; 12(9): 1244. CrossRef
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Bruno Gabriel Dal Pasquale, Marcelo Daudt von der Heyde, Hélio Afonso Ghizoni Teive
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Case Reports

Involuntary Movements Following Administration of Hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 Pneumonia: Emmaline Zantua Fernando, Jeryl Ritzi Tan Yu, Salvador Miclat Abad Santos, Roland Dominic Go Jamora; J Mov Disord. 2021;14(1):75-77. Published online December 7, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.20091

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4 Web of Science
2 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been used as an investigational drug for patients with moderate to severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). There have been concerns of potential harms from side effects of the drug. We present a case of a 38-year-old male who was started on HCQ for COVID-19 pneumonia. He was referred for evaluation of myoclonus of all extremities, which resolved after discontinuation of HCQ. The involuntary movements were first reported after the initiation of HCQ, persisted despite improvement in inflammatory and radiologic parameters and eventually resolved after HCQ discontinuation. This supports a possible causality related to adverse drug reactions from HCQ that have not been commonly reported.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Safety profile of COVID-19 drugs in a real clinical setting
Mei Nee Chiu, Maitry Bhardwaj, Sangeeta Pilkhwal Sah
European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.2022; 78(5): 733. CrossRef
Eventos adversos no sistema nervoso central potencialmente relacionados aos medicamentos utilizados na COVID-19: revisão de escopo
Vinícius de Mello, Vinícius de Paula Pereira, João Paulo Vilela Rodrigues, Suelem Tavares da Silva Penteado, Leonardo Régis Leira Pereira, Fabiana Rossi Varallo
Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública.2022; 46: 1. CrossRef

Involuntary Scapular Movements as a Possible Manifestation of Radicular Myoclonus: Bosuk Park, Sook Keun Song, Phil Hyu Lee; J Mov Disord. 2008;1(2):104-106.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.08021

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Abstract PDF: Radicular myoclonus (RM) is a kind of peripheral myoclonus exclusively related with traumatic spinal root lesion. Here we describe a case with involuntary scapular movements as a possible manifestation of RM. A 37-year-old woman without any underlying disease developedinvoluntary movements of left shoulder two days after cervical trauma. On needle electromyographic recordings, the myoclonic jerky movements were found in left serratus anterior and rhomboid major muscles, and the duration of bursts ranged from 100 to 300 ms with the irregular frequency of 1–2 Hz. Electromyography studies showed accompanying left C5 radiculopathy. Treatment with clonazepm markedly improved involuntary scapular movements.

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