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Original Article
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Long-Term Outcomes of Deep Brain Stimulation in Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration-Related Dystonia
Kyung Ah Woo, Han-Joon Kim, Seung-Ho Jeon, Hye Ran Park, Kye Won Park, Seung Hyun Lee, Sun Ju Chung, Jong-Hee Chae, Sun Ha Paek, Beomseok Jeon
J Mov Disord. 2022;15(3):241-248.   Published online July 26, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.22002
  • 3,788 View
  • 190 Download
  • 6 Web of Science
  • 6 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Objective
To investigate the long-term clinical outcomes of pallidal deep brain stimulation (GPi-DBS) in patients with pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN).
Methods
We reviewed the records of patients with genetically confirmed PKAN who received bilateral GPi-DBS for refractory dystonia and were clinically followed up for at least 2 years postoperatively at two centers in Korea. Pre- and postoperative Burke– Fahn–Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale motor subscale (BFMDRS-M) scores, disability subscale (BFMDRS-D) scores, and qualitative clinical information were prospectively collected. Descriptive analysis was performed for BFMDRS-M scores, BFMDRSD scores, and the orofacial, axial, and limb subscores of the BFMDRS-M at 6–12, 24–36, and 60–72 months postoperatively.
Results
Five classic-type, four atypical-type, and one unknown-type PKAN cases were identified. The mean preoperative BFMDRS-M score was 92.1 for the classic type and 38.5 for the atypical or unknown type, with a mean BFMDRS follow-up of 50.7 months and a clinical follow-up of 69.0 months. The mean improvements in BFMDRS-M score were 11.3%, 41.3%, and 30.5% at 6–12, 24–36, and 60–72 months, respectively. In four patients with full regular evaluations until 60–72 months, improvements in the orofacial, axial, and limb subscores persisted, but the disability scores worsened from 24–36 months post-operation compared to the baseline, mainly owing to the aggravation of eating and feeding disabilities.
Conclusion
The benefits of GPi-DBS on dystonia may persist for more than 5 years in PKAN. The effects on patients’ subjective disability may have a shorter duration despite improvements in dystonia owing to the complex manifestations of PKAN.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Deep Brain Stimulation for Refractory Status Dystonicus in Children: Multicenter Case Series and Systematic Review
    Lindsey M. Vogt, Han Yan, Brendan Santyr, Sara Breitbart, Melanie Anderson, Jürgen Germann, Karlo J. Lizarraga, Angela L. Hewitt, Alfonso Fasano, George M. Ibrahim, Carolina Gorodetsky
    Annals of Neurology.2024; 95(1): 156.     CrossRef
  • Illustration of the long-term efficacy of pallidal deep brain stimulation in a patient with PKAN dystonia
    Luigi M. Romito, Fabiana Colucci, Giovanna Zorzi, Barbara Garavaglia, Ahmet Kaymak, Alberto Mazzoni, Celeste Panteghini, Nico Golfrè Andreasi, Sara Rinaldo, Vincenzo Levi, Miryam Carecchio, Roberto Eleopra
    Parkinsonism & Related Disorders.2024; 123: 106977.     CrossRef
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    Naveen Reddy, Jitender Sharma, Anmol Sharma
    Neurology India.2024; 72(2): 411.     CrossRef
  • Patient Selection for Deep Brain Stimulation for Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration
    Jason L. Chan, Ashley E. Rawls, Joshua K. Wong, Penelope Hogarth, Justin D. Hilliard, Michael S. Okun
    Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Imaging Findings of Intracerebral Infection after Deep Brain Stimulation: Pediatric Case Series and Literature Review
    Andrew Z. Yang, Alexandre Boutet, Vivek Pai, Michael J. Colditz, Artur Vetkas, Brendan Santyr, Nardin Samuel, Jurgen Germann, Sara Breitbart, Lior Elkam, Birgit Ertl‐Wagner, Alfonso Fasano, Andres M. Lozano, George M Ibrahim, Carolina Gorodetsky
    Movement Disorders Clinical Practice.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Surgical treatment of movement disorders in neurometabolic conditions
    Alonso Zea Vera, Andrea L. Gropman
    Frontiers in Neurology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
Brief communication
Article image
Changes in Cerebral Gray and White Matter in Patients with Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration: A Long-Term Magnetic Resonance Imaging Follow-Up Study
Pedro Roa-Sanchez, Pamela Bido, Jairo Oviedo, Hans-Jürgen Huppertz, Herwin Speckter, Peter Stoeter
J Mov Disord. 2021;14(2):148-152.   Published online May 26, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.20102
  • 4,543 View
  • 80 Download
  • 3 Web of Science
  • 3 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Objective
To determine the volume changes in gray and white matter during a long-term follow-up in patients suffering from pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN).
Methods
Magnetic resonance imaging was repeated in 13 patients and 14 age-matched controls after a mean interval of more than 7 years. T1-weighted sequences were evaluated by fully automated atlas-based volumetry, compared between groups and correlated with disease progression.
Results
The patients did not show generalized cerebral atrophy but did show a significantly faster volume reduction in the globus pallidus during follow-up (between -0.96% and -1.02% per year, p < 0.05 adjusted for false discovery rate) than controls, which was significantly related to the progression in their dystonia scores (p = 0.032).
Conclusion
The volume loss in the globus pallidus over time—together with the accumulation of iron known as the “tiger’s eye”—supports the pathophysiologic concept of this nucleus as a center of inhibition and its severe malfunction in PKAN.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Pantothenate Kinase Activation Restores Brain Coenzyme A in a Mouse Model of Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration
    Chitra Subramanian, Matthew W. Frank, Rajaa Sukhun, Christopher E. Henry, Anna Wade, Mallory E. Harden, Satish Rao, Rajendra Tangallapally, Mi-Kyung Yun, Stephen W. White, Richard E. Lee, Uma Sinha, Charles O. Rock, Suzanne Jackowski
    Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.2024; 388(1): 171.     CrossRef
  • Cerebral and cerebellar white matter tract alterations in patients with Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration (PKAN)
    Diones Rivera, Pedro Roa-Sanchez, Pamela Bidó, Herwin Speckter, Jairo Oviedo, Peter Stoeter
    Parkinsonism & Related Disorders.2022; 98: 1.     CrossRef
  • Long-Term Neuroradiological and Clinical Evaluation of NBIA Patients Treated with a Deferiprone Based Iron-Chelation Therapy
    Nicola Romano, Giammarco Baiardi, Valeria Maria Pinto, Sabrina Quintino, Barbara Gianesin, Riccardo Sasso, Andrea Diociasi, Francesca Mattioli, Roberta Marchese, Giovanni Abbruzzese, Antonio Castaldi, Gian Luca Forni
    Journal of Clinical Medicine.2022; 11(15): 4524.     CrossRef
Case Reports
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A Patient with Beta-Propeller Protein-Associated Neurodegeneration: Treatment with Iron Chelation Therapy
Shen-Yang Lim, Ai Huey Tan, Azlina Ahmad-Annuar, Susanne A. Schneider, Ping Chong Bee, Jia Lun Lim, Norlisah Ramli, Mohamad Imran Idris
J Mov Disord. 2018;11(2):89-92.   Published online May 30, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.17082
  • 26,906 View
  • 167 Download
  • 13 Web of Science
  • 14 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
We present a case of beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration, a form of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. The patient harbored a novel mutation in the WDR45 gene. A detailed video and description of her clinical condition are provided. Her movement disorder phenomenology was characterized primarily by limb stereotypies and gait dyspraxia. The patient’s disability was advanced by the time iron-chelating therapy with deferiprone was initiated, and no clinical response in terms of cognitive function, behavior, speech, or movements were observed after one year of treatment.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Metabolic impairments in neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation
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    Lipids in Health and Disease.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Free Radical Biology and Medicine.2024; 221: 273.     CrossRef
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    Autophagy.2022; 18(7): 1715.     CrossRef
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    Petr Dusek, Tim Hofer, Jan Alexander, Per M. Roos, Jan O. Aaseth
    Biomolecules.2022; 12(5): 714.     CrossRef
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    Rachel M. Wise, Annika Wagener, Urban M. Fietzek, Thomas Klopstock, Eugene V. Mosharov, Fabio A. Zucca, David Sulzer, Luigi Zecca, Lena F. Burbulla
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    Brain Communications.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Iron Chelation in Movement Disorders: Logical or Ironical
    Dinkar Kulshreshtha, Jacky Ganguly, Mandar Jog
    Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques.2021; : 1.     CrossRef
  • Emerging Disease-Modifying Therapies in Neurodegeneration With Brain Iron Accumulation (NBIA) Disorders
    Vassilena Iankova, Ivan Karin, Thomas Klopstock, Susanne A. Schneider
    Frontiers in Neurology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Jenny L Wilson, Allison Gregory, Manju A Kurian, Ittai Bushlin, Fanny Mochel, Lisa Emrick, Laura Adang, Penelope Hogarth, Susan J Hayflick
    Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology.2021; 63(12): 1402.     CrossRef
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    Yingying Cong, Vincent So, Marina A. J. Tijssen, Dineke S. Verbeek, Fulvio Reggiori, Mario Mauthe
    Autophagy.2021; 17(12): 3908.     CrossRef
  • Towards Precision Therapies for Inherited Disorders of Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation
    Robert V.V. Spaull, Audrey K.S. Soo, Penelope Hogarth, Susan J. Hayflick, Manju A. Kurian
    Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Frontiers in Neuroscience.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
Article image
PSEN1 p.Met233Val in a Complex Neurodegenerative Movement and Neuropsychiatric Disorder
Silke Appel-Cresswell, Ilaria Guella, Anna Lehman, Dean Foti, Matthew J. Farrer
J Mov Disord. 2018;11(1):45-48.   Published online January 11, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.17066
  • 8,456 View
  • 180 Download
  • 12 Web of Science
  • 12 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Mutations in presenilin 1 (PSEN1) are the most common cause of autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease. Here, we report a Canadian-Vietnamese family carrying a PSEN1 p.Met233Val mutation with an exceptionally early and severe presentation that includes a wide range of atypical symptoms, including prominent ataxia, Parkinsonism, spasticity, dystonia, action tremor, myoclonus, bulbar symptoms, seizures, hallucinations and behavioral changes. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed on the affected proband after many assessments over several years proved diagnostically inconclusive. The results were analyzed using the AnnEx “Annotated Exomes” browser (http://annex.can.ubc.ca), a web-based platform that facilitates WES variant annotation and interpretation. High-throughput sequencing can be especially informative for complex neurological disorders, and WES warrants consideration as a first-line clinical test. Data analyses facilitated by web-based bioinformatics tools have great potential for novel insight, although confirmatory, diagnostically accredited Sanger sequencing is recommended prior to reporting.

Citations

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Original Article
Article image
Clinical Heterogeneity of Atypical Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration in Koreans
Jae-Hyeok Lee, Jongkyu Park, Ho-Sung Ryu, Hyeyoung Park, Young Eun Kim, Jin Yong Hong, Sang Ook Nam, Young-Hee Sung, Seung-Hwan Lee, Jee-Young Lee, Myung Jun Lee, Tae-Hyoung Kim, Chul Hyoung Lyoo, Sun Ju Chung, Seong Beom Koh, Phil Hyu Lee, Jin Whan Cho, Mee Young Park, Yun Joong Kim, Young H. Sohn, Beom Seok Jeon, Myung Sik Lee
J Mov Disord. 2016;9(1):20-27.   Published online January 25, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.15058
  • 21,989 View
  • 235 Download
  • 20 Web of Science
  • 16 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Objective
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) represents a group of inherited movement disorders characterized by iron accumulation in the basal ganglia. Recent advances have included the identification of new causative genes and highlighted the wide phenotypic variation between and within the specific NBIA subtypes. This study aimed to investigate the current status of NBIA in Korea.
Methods
We collected genetically confirmed NBIA patients from twelve nationwide referral hospitals and from a review of the literature. We conducted a study to describe the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Korean adults with atypical pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN).
Results
Four subtypes of NBIA including PKAN (n = 30), PLA2G6-related neurodegeneration (n = 2), beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration (n = 1), and aceruloplasminemia (n = 1) have been identified in the Korean population. The clinical features of fifteen adults with atypical PKAN included early focal limb dystonia, parkinsonism-predominant feature, oromandibular dystonia, and isolated freezing of gait (FOG). Patients with a higher age of onset tended to present with parkinsonism and FOG. The p.R440P and p.D378G mutations are two major mutations that represent approximately 50% of the mutated alleles. Although there were no specific genotype-phenotype correlations, most patients carrying the p.D378G mutation had a late-onset, atypical form of PKAN.
Conclusions
We found considerable phenotypic heterogeneity in Korean adults with atypical PKAN. The age of onset may influence the presentation of extrapyramidal symptoms.

Citations

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    Kyung Ah Woo, Han-Joon Kim, Seung-Ho Jeon, Hye Ran Park, Kye Won Park, Seung Hyun Lee, Sun Ju Chung, Jong-Hee Chae, Sun Ha Paek, Beomseok Jeon
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Review Article
Article image
Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation: Diagnosis and Management
Penelope Hogarth
J Mov Disord. 2015;8(1):1-13.   Published online January 31, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.14034
  • 43,636 View
  • 1,128 Download
  • 155 Web of Science
  • 138 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) encompasses a group of inherited disorders that share the clinical features of an extrapyramidal movement disorder accompanied by varying degrees of intellectual disability and abnormal iron deposition in the basal ganglia. The genetic basis of ten forms of NBIA is now known. The clinical features of NBIA range from rapid global neurodevelopmental regression in infancy to mild parkinsonism with minimal cognitive impairment in adulthood, with wide variation seen between and within the specific NBIA sub-type. This review describes the clinical presentations, imaging findings, pathologic features, and treatment considerations for this heterogeneous group of disorders.

Citations

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Case Report
Novel Compound Heterozygous Mutations in the Pantothenate Kinase 2 Gene in a Korean Patient with Atypical Pantothenate Kinase Associated Neurodegeneration
Sung-Hyouk Kim, Young-Hee Sung, Kee-Hyung Park, Yeung-Bae Lee, Hyeon-Mi Park, Dong Jin Shin, Gu-Hwan Kim
J Mov Disord. 2009;2(1):45-47.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.09012
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AbstractAbstract PDF

Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) is an autosomal recessive disorder that is characterized by mutations in the pantothenate kinase 2 gene (PANK2) and typical magnetic resonance imaging findings. We report a case of atypical PKAN presenting with generalized dystonia. Our patient had compound heterozygous mutations in the PANK2 gene, including mutation in exon 3 (p.D268G) and exon 4 (p.R330P). To our knowledge, this patient is the first to have the p.R330P mutation and the second to have the p.D268G mutation.

Citations

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  • Atypical pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration: Clinical description of two brothers and a review of the literature
    S. Mahoui, A. Benhaddadi, W. Ameur El Khedoud, M. Abada Bendib, M. Chaouch
    Revue Neurologique.2017; 173(10): 658.     CrossRef
  • Clinical Heterogeneity of Atypical Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration in Koreans
    Jae-Hyeok Lee, Jongkyu Park, Ho-Sung Ryu, Hyeyoung Park, Young Eun Kim, Jin Yong Hong, Sang Ook Nam, Young-Hee Sung, Seung-Hwan Lee, Jee-Young Lee, Myung Jun Lee, Tae-Hyoung Kim, Chul Hyoung Lyoo, Sun Ju Chung, Seong Beom Koh, Phil Hyu Lee, Jin Whan Cho,
    Journal of Movement Disorders.2016; 9(1): 20.     CrossRef

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