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Apathy and Olfactory Dysfunction in Early Parkinson’s Disease
Jin Yong Hong, Mun Kyung Sunwoo, Jee Hyun Ham, Jae Jung Lee, Phil Hyu Lee, Young H. Sohn
J Mov Disord. 2015;8(1):21-25.   Published online January 31, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.14029
  • 16,097 View
  • 111 Download
  • 22 Web of Science
  • 22 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objective Olfactory and emotional dysfunctions are very common in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Olfaction and emotions share common neuroanatomical substrates. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the association between olfactory and emotional dysfunctions in patients with PD.
Methods Parkinson’s disease patients who had been assessed for their olfactory function and neuropsychiatric symptoms including emotional dysfunction were included. A logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between low olfaction and different neuropsychiatric symptoms.
Results The patients with low olfaction (cross cultural smell identification test score ≤ 6) showed a higher prevalence of apathy when compared with those with high olfaction, whereas the frequencies of other neuropsychiatric symptoms were comparable between the two groups. A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the presence of apathy/indifference [odds ratio (OR) = 2.859, p = 0.007], age 70 years or more (OR = 2.281, p = 0.009), and the male gender (OR = 1.916, p = 0.030) were significantly associated with low olfaction.
Conclusions Our results demonstrate that apathy/indifference is a unique emotional dysfunction associated with olfactory dysfunction in PD. The findings also suggest that PD patients with low olfaction have a high prevalence of apathy.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Clinical features and neurobiochemical mechanisms of olfactory dysfunction in patients with Parkinson disease
    Ruidan Wang, Tenghong Lian, Mingyue He, Peng Guo, Shuyang Yu, Lijun Zuo, Yang Hu, Wei Zhang
    Journal of Neurology.2024; 271(4): 1959.     CrossRef
  • Neurons, Nose, and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Olfactory Function and Cognitive Impairment
    Irene Fatuzzo, Giovanni Francesco Niccolini, Federica Zoccali, Luca Cavalcanti, Mario Giuseppe Bellizzi, Gabriele Riccardi, Marco de Vincentiis, Marco Fiore, Carla Petrella, Antonio Minni, Christian Barbato
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(3): 2117.     CrossRef
  • Olfactory dysfunction is associated with motor function only in tremor-dominant Parkinson’s disease
    Fardin Nabizadeh, Kasra Pirahesh, Elham Khalili
    Neurological Sciences.2022; 43(7): 4193.     CrossRef
  • The Power of Odor Persuasion: The Incorporation of Olfactory Cues in Virtual Environments for Personalized Relaxation
    Silvia Francesca Maria Pizzoli, Dario Monzani, Ketti Mazzocco, Emanuela Maggioni, Gabriella Pravettoni
    Perspectives on Psychological Science.2022; 17(3): 652.     CrossRef
  • Olfaction and apathy in early idiopathic Parkinson's disease
    Alfonso E. Martinez-Nunez, Kaitie Latack, Miguel Situ-Kcomt, Abhimanyu Mahajan
    Journal of the Neurological Sciences.2022; 439: 120314.     CrossRef
  • Apathy in Parkinson’s Disease: Defining the Park Apathy Subtype
    Ségolène De Waele, Patrick Cras, David Crosiers
    Brain Sciences.2022; 12(7): 923.     CrossRef
  • α‐Synuclein Spread from Olfactory Bulb Causes Hyposmia, Anxiety, and Memory Loss in BAC‐SNCA Mice
    Norihito Uemura, Jun Ueda, Toru Yoshihara, Masashi Ikuno, Maiko T. Uemura, Hodaka Yamakado, Masahide Asano, John Q. Trojanowski, Ryosuke Takahashi
    Movement Disorders.2021; 36(9): 2036.     CrossRef
  • Hyposmia may predict development of freezing of gait in Parkinson’s disease
    Jae Jung Lee, Jin Yong Hong, Jong Sam Baik
    Journal of Neural Transmission.2021; 128(6): 763.     CrossRef
  • Clinical and Dopamine Depletion Patterns in Hyposmia- and Dysautonomia-Dominant Parkinson’s Disease
    Han Soo Yoo, Sangwon Lee, Seong Ho Jeong, Byoung Seok Ye, Young H. Sohn, Mijin Yun, Phil Hyu Lee
    Journal of Parkinson's Disease.2021; 11(4): 1703.     CrossRef
  • Is There a Shared Etiology of Olfactory Impairments in Normal Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease?
    Mahraz Parvand, Catharine H. Rankin, Lori Beason-Held
    Journal of Alzheimer's Disease.2020; 73(1): 1.     CrossRef
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    Lei Mou, Wei Ding, Pedro Fernandez-Funez
    Journal of Medical Genetics.2020; 57(2): 73.     CrossRef
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    Carla Masala, Francesco Loy, Raffaella Piras, Anna Liscia, Laura Fadda, Alan Moat, Paolo Solla, Giovanni Defazio
    Brain Sciences.2020; 10(4): 218.     CrossRef
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    Chama Belkhiria, Rodrigo C. Vergara, Simón San Martin, Alexis Leiva, Melissa Martinez, Bruno Marcenaro, Maricarmen Andrade, Paul H. Delano, Carolina Delgado
    Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Contribution of Five Functional Loci of Dopamine Metabolism-Related Genes to Parkinson’s Disease and Multiple System Atrophy in a Chinese Population
    Yongping Chen, Ruwei Ou, Lingyu Zhang, Xiaojing Gu, Xiaoqin Yuan, Qian-qian Wei, Bei Cao, Bi Zhao, Ying Wu, Huifang Shang
    Frontiers in Neuroscience.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Olfactory Dysfunction Predicts Disease Progression in Parkinson’s Disease: A Longitudinal Study
    Runcheng He, Yuwen Zhao, Yan He, Yangjie Zhou, Jinxia Yang, Xiaoting Zhou, Liping Zhu, Xun Zhou, Zhenhua Liu, Qian Xu, Qiying Sun, Jieqiong Tan, Xinxiang Yan, Beisha Tang, Jifeng Guo
    Frontiers in Neuroscience.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Characteristics of apathy in treatment-naïve patients with Parkinson’s disease
    Hiroo Terashi, Yuki Ueta, Haruhisa Kato, Hiroshi Mitoma, Hitoshi Aizawa
    International Journal of Neuroscience.2019; 129(1): 16.     CrossRef
  • Olfaction and taste in Parkinson’s disease: the association with mild cognitive impairment and the single cognitive domain dysfunction
    Maria Paola Cecchini, Angela Federico, Alice Zanini, Elisa Mantovani, Carla Masala, Michele Tinazzi, Stefano Tamburin
    Journal of Neural Transmission.2019; 126(5): 585.     CrossRef
  • The oral microbiome of early stage Parkinson’s disease and its relationship with functional measures of motor and non-motor function
    Dragos Mihaila, Jordan Donegan, Sarah Barns, Daria LaRocca, Qian Du, Danny Zheng, Michael Vidal, Christopher Neville, Richard Uhlig, Frank A. Middleton, Brenda A Wilson
    PLOS ONE.2019; 14(6): e0218252.     CrossRef
  • Hyposmia as a marker of (non-)motor disease severity in Parkinson’s disease
    Dareia S. Roos, Jos W. R. Twisk, Pieter G. H. M. Raijmakers, Richard L. Doty, Henk W. Berendse
    Journal of Neural Transmission.2019; 126(11): 1471.     CrossRef
  • Correlation among olfactory function, motors’ symptoms, cognitive impairment, apathy, and fatigue in patients with Parkinson’s disease
    Carla Masala, Paolo Solla, A. Liscia, G. Defazio, L. Saba, A. Cannas, A. Cavazzana, T. Hummel, A. Haehner
    Journal of Neurology.2018; 265(8): 1764.     CrossRef
  • Olfactory Dysfunction as an Early Biomarker in Parkinson’s Disease
    Michelle E. Fullard, James F. Morley, John E. Duda
    Neuroscience Bulletin.2017; 33(5): 515.     CrossRef
  • Human behavioral assessments in current research of Parkinson’s disease
    Tetsuya Asakawa, Huan Fang, Kenji Sugiyama, Takao Nozaki, Susumu Kobayashi, Zhen Hong, Katsuaki Suzuki, Norio Mori, Yilin Yang, Fei Hua, Guanghong Ding, Guoqiang Wen, Hiroki Namba, Ying Xia
    Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.2016; 68: 741.     CrossRef
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease Dementia Are Associated with Increased Caregiver Burden
Yoon-Sang Oh, Ji E. Lee, Phil Hyu Lee, Joong-Seok Kim
J Mov Disord. 2015;8(1):26-32.   Published online January 31, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.14019
  • 20,687 View
  • 119 Download
  • 36 Web of Science
  • 34 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objective Neuropsychiatric symptoms are common in Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD). Frequent and severe neuropsychiatric symptoms create high levels of distress for patients and caregivers, decreasing their quality of life. The aim of this study was to investigate neuropsychiatric symptoms that may contribute to increased caregiver burden in PDD patients.
Methods Forty-eight PDD patients were assessed using the 12-item Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) to determine the frequency and severity of mental and behavioral problems. The Burden Interview and Caregiver Burden Inventory were used to evaluate caregiver burden.
Results All but one patient showed one or more neuropsychiatric symptoms. The three most frequent neuropsychiatric symptoms were apathy (70.8%) and anxiety (70.8%), followed by depression (68.7%). More severe neuropsychiatric symptoms were significantly correlated with increased caregiver burden. The domains of delusion, hallucination, agitation and aggression, anxiety, irritability and lability, and aberrant motor behavior were associated with caregiver stress. After controlling for age and other potential confounding variables, total NPI score was significantly associated with caregiver burden.
Conclusions The results of this study confirm that neuropsychiatric symptoms are frequent and severe in patients with PDD and are associated with increased caregiver distress. A detailed evaluation and management of neuropsychiatric symptoms in PDD patients appears necessary to improve patient quality of life and reduce caregiver burden.

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JMD : Journal of Movement Disorders