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Original Article
Gait instability and compensatory mechanisms in Parkinson's disease with camptocormia: An exploratory study
Hideyuki Urakami, Yasutaka Nikaido, Yuta Okuda, Yutaka Kikuchi, Ryuichi Saura, Yohei Okada
Received November 8, 2024  Accepted December 27, 2024  Published online December 27, 2024  
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.24226    [Accepted]
  • 671 View
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Objective
Camptocormia has been considered to contribute to vertical gait instability and, at times, may also lead to forward instability in experimental settings in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, these aspects, along with compensatory mechanisms, remain largely unexplored. This study comprehensively investigated gait instability and compensatory strategies in PD patients with camptocormia (PD+CC).
Methods
Ten PD+CC, 30 without camptocormia (PD-CC), and 27 healthy controls (HCs) participated. Self-paced gait tasks were analyzed using three-dimensional motion capture systems to assess gait stability, spatiotemporal, and kinematic parameters. Unique cases with pronounced forward gait stability or instability were first identified, followed by group comparisons. Correlation analysis was performed to examine associations between trunk flexion angles (lower/upper) and gait parameters. Significance level was set at 0.05.
Results
Excluding one unique case, the PD+CC group showed a significantly lower vertical center of mass (COM) position (p=0.019), along with increased mediolateral COM velocity (p=0.004) and step width (p=0.013), compared to PD-CC group. Both PD groups showed higher anterior-posterior margin of stability than HCs (p<0.001). Significant correlations were found between lower/upper trunk flexion angles and a lower vertical COM position (r=-0.690/-0.332), as well as increased mediolateral COM velocity (r=0.374/0.446) and step width (r=0.580/0.474).
Conclusions
Most PD+CC patients exhibited vertical gait instability, increasing fall risk, and adopted compensatory strategies involving greater lateral COM shift and wider base of support, with these trends intensifying as trunk flexion angles increased. These findings may guide targeted interventions for gait instability in PD+CC.
Brief communication
Article image
Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters During Turning and Imbalance in Parkinson’s Disease: Video-Based Analysis From a Single Camera
HoYoung Jeon, Jung Hwan Shin, Ri Yu, Min Kyung Kang, Seungmin Lee, Seoyeon Kim, Bora Jin, Kyung Ah Woo, Han-Joon Kim, Beomseok Jeon
J Mov Disord. 2025;18(1):87-92.   Published online December 23, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.24210
  • 341 View
  • 47 Download
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Objective
This study aims to objectively evaluate turning gait parameters in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients using 2D-RGB video-based analysis and explore their relationships with imbalance.
Methods
We prospectively enrolled PD patients for clinical assessment, balance analysis and gait with 180º turning. Spatiotemporal gait parameters during turning were derived using video-based analysis and correlated with modified Hoehn and Yahr (mHY) stages and center of pressure (COP) oscillations.
Results
A total of 64 PD patients were enrolled. The PD patients with higher mHY stages (≥2.5) had significantly longer turning times, greater numbers of steps, wider step bases and less variability in step length during turns. COP oscillations were positively correlated with the mean turning time on both the anterior-posterior and right-left axes.
Conclusion
Spatiotemporal gait parameter during turning, derived from video-based gait analysis, may represent apromising biomarker for monitoring postural instability in PD patients.
Original Articles
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Eye Movement and Gait Variability Analysis in Chinese Patients With Huntington’s Disease
Shu-Xia Qian, Yu-Feng Bao, Xiao-Yan Li, Yi Dong, Zhi-Ying Wu
J Mov Disord. 2025;18(1):65-76.   Published online December 9, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.24151
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  • 56 Download
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Objective
Huntington’s disease (HD) is characterized by motor, cognitive, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Oculomotor impairments and gait variability have been independently considered as potential markers in HD. However, an integrated analysis of eye movement and gait is lacking. We performed multiple examinations of eye movement and gait variability in HTT mutation carriers, analyzed the consistency between these parameters and clinical severity, and then examined the associations between oculomotor impairments and gait deficits.
Methods
We included 7 patients with pre-HD, 30 patients with HD and 30 age-matched controls. We collected demographic data and assessed the Unified Huntington’s Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) score. Examinations, including saccades, smooth pursuit tests, and optokinetic (OPK) tests, were performed to evaluate eye movement function. The parameters of gait include stride length, walking velocity, step deviation, step length, and gait phase.
Results
HD patients have significant impairments in the latency and velocity of saccades, the gain of smooth pursuit, and the gain and slow phase velocities of OPK tests. Only the speed of saccades significantly differed between pre-HD patients and controls. There are significant impairments in stride length, walking velocity, step length, and gait phase in HD patients. The parameters of eye movement and gait variability in HD patients were consistent with the UHDRS scores. There were significant correlations between eye movement and gait parameters.
Conclusion
Our results show that eye movement and gait are impaired in HD patients and that the speed of saccades is impaired early in pre-HD. Eye movement and gait abnormalities in HD patients are significantly correlated with clinical disease severity.
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Gait Parameters in Healthy Older Adults in Korea
Han-Kyeol Kim, Sung-Woo Kim, Jin Yong Hong, Min Seok Baek
J Mov Disord. 2025;18(1):55-64.   Published online November 25, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.24181
  • 463 View
  • 76 Download
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Objective
Gaits constitute the most fundamental and common form of human locomotion and are essential in daily activities. We aimed to investigate gait parameters in medically and cognitively healthy older adults to determine the independent effects of age, physical attributes, and cognition on these parameters.
Methods
This retrospective study enrolled healthy older adult participants aged 50 years or older with normal cognition and no neurological symptoms or medical/surgical history that could affect gait. Quantitative gait analysis was conducted via the GAITRite Electronic Walkway, which categorizes gait parameters into spatiotemporal, spatial, temporal, phase, and variability. Gait parameters were compared between sexes across different age groups. The independent effects of age, Mini-Mental State Examination score, and physical characteristics were analyzed via a multiple regression model.
Results
This study included 184 participants with an average age of 72.2 years. After adjusting for age, height, and footwear, only the base width and its variability differed between the sexes. Gait parameters varied significantly among different age groups, revealing multiple interparameter associations. Age was independently correlated with decreased velocity, step and stride lengths, single support time percentage and increased double support time, double support time percentage, and variability parameters, excluding the coefficient of variance of base width. Height was positively correlated with velocity, step and stride lengths, and base width, whereas leg length was negatively associated with cadence and positively associated with temporal parameters of gait.
Conclusion
Gait parameters in healthy older adults were not only associated with age and physical characteristics but also had interparameter correlations.
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Adjustability of Gait Speed in Clinics and Free-Living Environments for People With Parkinson’s Disease
Yuki Nishi, Shintaro Fujii, Koki Ikuno, Yuta Terasawa, Shu Morioka
J Mov Disord. 2024;17(4):416-424.   Published online September 23, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.24167
  • 2,074 View
  • 194 Download
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objective
Gait speed is regulated by varying gait parameters depending on the diverse contexts of the environment. People with Parkinson’s disease (PwPD) have difficulty adapting to gait control in their environment; however, the relationships between gait speed and spatiotemporal parameters in free-living environments have not been clarified. This study aimed to compare gait parameters according to gait speed in clinics and free-living environments.
Methods
PwPD were assessed at the clinic and in a free-living environment using an accelerometer on the lower back. By fitting a bimodal Gaussian model to the gait speed distribution, gait speed was divided into lower and higher speeds. We compared the spatiotemporal gait parameters using a 2 × 2 (environment [clinic/free-living] × speed [lower/higher]) repeated-measures analysis of variance. Associations between Parkinson’s disease symptoms and gait parameters were evaluated using Bayesian Pearson’s correlation coefficients.
Results
In the 41 PwPD included in this study, spatiotemporal gait parameters were significantly worse in free-living environments than in clinics and at lower speeds than at higher speeds. The fit of the walking speed distribution to the bimodal Gaussian model (adjustability of gait speed) in free-living environments was related to spatiotemporal gait parameters, severity of Parkinson’s disease, number of falls, and quality of life.
Conclusion
The findings suggest that gait control, which involves adjusting gait speed according to context, differs between clinics and free-living environments in PwPD. Gait assessments for PwPD in both clinical and free-living environments should interpret gait impairments in a complementary manner.
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Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Adults With Premanifest and Manifest Huntington’s Disease: A Systematic Review
Sasha Browning, Stephanie Holland, Ian Wellwood, Belinda Bilney
J Mov Disord. 2023;16(3):307-320.   Published online August 10, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.23111
  • 2,344 View
  • 109 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Objective
To systematically review and critically evaluate literature on spatiotemporal gait deviations in individuals with premanifest and manifest Huntington’s Disease (HD) in comparison with healthy cohorts.
Methods
We conducted a systematic review, guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute’s Manual for Evidence Synthesis and pre-registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. Eight electronic databases were searched. Studies comparing spatiotemporal footstep parameters in adults with premanifest and manifest HD to healthy controls were screened, included and critically appraised by independent reviewers. Data on spatiotemporal gait changes and variability were extracted and synthesised. Meta-analysis was performed on gait speed, cadence, stride length and stride length variability measures.
Results
We screened 2,721 studies, identified 1,245 studies and included 25 studies (total 1,088 participants). Sample sizes ranged from 14 to 96. Overall, the quality of the studies was assessed as good, but reporting of confounding factors was often unclear. Meta-analysis found spatiotemporal gait deviations in participants with HD compared to healthy controls, commencing in the premanifest stage. Individuals with premanifest HD walk significantly slower (-0.17 m/s; 95% confidence interval [CI] [-0.22, -0.13]), with reduced cadence (-6.63 steps/min; 95% CI [-10.62, -2.65]) and stride length (-0.09 m; 95% CI [-0.13, -0.05]). Stride length variability was also increased in premanifest cohorts by 2.18% (95% CI [0.69, 3.68]), with these changes exacerbated in participants with manifest disease.
Conclusion
Findings suggest individuals with premanifest and manifest HD display significant spatiotemporal footstep deviations. Clinicians could monitor individuals in the premanifest stage of disease for gait changes to identify the onset of Huntington’s symptoms.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • The association between gait speed and falls in ambulatory adults with spinal muscular atrophy: a retrospective pilot study
    Kathryn Jira, Andrea Jaworek, Matti Allen, Songzhu Zhao, Kristina Kelly, W. David Arnold, Bakri Elsheikh
    Frontiers in Neurology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Association of Depression With Early Occurrence of Postural Instability in Parkinson’s Disease
Yun Su Hwang, Sungyang Jo, Kye Won Park, Seung Hyun Lee, Sangjin Lee, Sun Ju Chung
J Mov Disord. 2023;16(1):68-78.   Published online December 20, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.22091
  • 3,170 View
  • 158 Download
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Objective
Depression in Parkinson’s disease (PD) affects the quality of life of patients. Postural instability and gait disturbance are associated with the severity and prognosis of PD. We investigated the association of depression with axial involvement in early-stage PD patients.
Methods
This study involved 95 PD patients unexposed to antiparkinsonian drugs. After a baseline assessment for depression, the subjects were divided into a depressed PD group and a nondepressed PD group. Analyses were conducted to identify an association of depression at baseline with the following outcome variables: the progression to Hoehn and Yahr scale (H-Y) stage 3, the occurrence of freezing of gait (FOG), levodopa-induced dyskinesia, and wearing-off. The follow-up period was 53.40 ± 16.79 months from baseline.
Results
Kaplan–Meier survival curves for H-Y stage 3 and FOG showed more prominent progression to H-Y stage 3 and occurrences of FOG in the depressed PD group than in the nondepressed PD group (log-rank p = 0.025 and 0.003, respectively). Depression in drug-naïve, early-stage PD patients showed a significant association with the progression to H-Y stage 3 (hazard ratio = 2.55; 95% confidence interval = 1.32–4.93; p = 0.005), as analyzed by Cox regression analyses. In contrast, the occurrence of levodopa-induced dyskinesia and wearing-off did not differ between the two groups (log-rank p = 0.903 and 0.351, respectively).
Conclusion
Depression in drug-naïve, early-stage PD patients is associated with an earlier occurrence of postural instability. This suggests shared nondopaminergic pathogenic mechanisms and potentially enables the prediction of early development of postural instability.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Association of motor subtype and tremor type with Parkinson's disease progression: An exploratory longitudinal analysis
    Yuke Zhong, Huahua Su, Ying Liu, Hang Liu, Guohui Liu, Zhihui Liu, Jiahao Wei, Junyi Wang, Yuchen She, Changhong Tan, Lijuan Mo, Lin Han, Fen Deng, Xi Liu, Lifen Chen
    Journal of Parkinson’s Disease.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Association Between Gait and Dysautonomia in Patients With De Novo Parkinson’s Disease: Forward Gait Versus Backward Gait
Seon-Min Lee, Mina Lee, Eun Ji Lee, Rae On Kim, Yongduk Kim, Kyum-Yil Kwon
J Mov Disord. 2023;16(1):59-67.   Published online September 7, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.22045
  • 3,900 View
  • 253 Download
  • 3 Web of Science
  • 4 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objective
Studies on gait and autonomic dysfunction have been insufficient so far, particularly de novo Parkinson’s disease (PD). The aim of this study was to identify the association between gait dynamics and autonomic dysfunction in patients with de novo PD.
Methods
A total 38 patients with de novo PD were retrospectively included in this study. Details of patients’ dysautonomia were assessed using the Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease-Autonomic Dysfunction (SCOPA-AUT). For assessment of gait, a computerized gait analysis was performed using the GAITRite system for forward gait and backward gait. High SCOPA-AUT score (PD-HSAS) group and low SCOPA-AUT score (PD-LSAS) group were identified according to their SCOPA-AUT scores.
Results
Nineteen (50%) patients with high SCOPA-AUT scores above median value (12.5) were assigned into the PD-HSAS group and others were assigned to the PD-LSAS group. Compared with the PD-LSAS group, the PD-HSAS group exhibited slower gait, shorter stride, decreased cadence, increased double support phase, decreased swing phase, and increased variability in swing time. Total SCOPA-AUT score showed significantly positive correlations with gait variability and instability but a negative correlation with gait hypokinesia. In subdomain analysis, urinary dysautonomia was highly associated with impairment of gait dynamics. All significant results were found to be more remarkable in backward gait than in forward gait.
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that alteration in gait dynamics, especially backward gait, is highly associated with autonomic dysfunction in patients with de novo PD.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Balance and gait disorders in de novo Parkinson’s disease: support for early rehabilitation
    Beata Lindholm, Peter Hagell, Per Odin, Oskar Hansson, Arkadiusz Siennicki-Lantz, Sölve Elmståhl, Lars B. Dahlin, Erika Franzén
    Journal of Neurology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Impact of motor features on non‐motor symptoms in patients with de novo Parkinson's disease: Cognition, depression, anxiety, fatigue, and dysautonomia
    Kyum‐Yil Kwon, Byung‐Euk Joo, Jihwan You, Rae On Kim
    Geriatrics & Gerontology International.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Association between autonomic dysfunction with motor and non-motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease
    Yi Qin, De-Tao Meng, Zhao-Hui Jin, Wen-Jun Du, Bo-Yan Fang
    Journal of Neural Transmission.2024; 131(4): 323.     CrossRef
  • Determinants of Dual-task Gait Speed in Older Adults with and without Parkinson’s Disease
    André Ivaniski-Mello, Vivian Torres Müller, Lucas de Liz Alves, Marcela Zimmermann Casal, Aline Nogueira Haas, Luca Correale, Ana Carolina Kanitz, Valéria Feijó Martins, Andréa Kruger Gonçalves, Flávia Gomes Martinez, Leonardo Alexandre Peyré-Tartaruga
    International Journal of Sports Medicine.2023; 44(10): 744.     CrossRef
Review Article
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The Supplementary Motor Complex in Parkinson’s Disease
Shervin Rahimpour, Shashank Rajkumar, Mark Hallett
J Mov Disord. 2022;15(1):21-32.   Published online November 25, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.21075
  • 7,692 View
  • 422 Download
  • 17 Web of Science
  • 17 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by both motor and nonmotor symptoms. Although the basal ganglia is traditionally the primary brain region implicated in this disease process, this limited view ignores the roles of the cortex and cerebellum that are networked with the basal ganglia to support motor and cognitive functions. In particular, recent research has highlighted dysfunction in the supplementary motor complex (SMC) in patients with PD. Using the PubMed and Google Scholar search engines, we identified research articles using keywords pertaining to the involvement of the SMC in action sequencing impairments, temporal processing disturbances, and gait impairment in patients with PD. A review of abstracts and full-text articles was used to identify relevant articles. In this review of 63 articles, we focus on the role of the SMC in PD, highlighting anatomical and functional data to create new perspectives in understanding clinical symptoms and, potentially, new therapeutic targets. The SMC has a nuanced role in the pathophysiology of PD, with both hypo- and hyperactivation associated with various symptoms. Further studies using more standardized patient populations and functional tasks are needed to more clearly elucidate the role of this region in the pathophysiology and treatment of PD.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Reliability, Concurrent Validity, Responsiveness and Measurement Error of the Portuguese Version of Comprehensive Motor Coordination Scale in Individuals With Parkinson's Disease
    Clara Rezende Rocha, Caroline Rodrigues Osawa, Maria Eduarda Salum Aveiro Henrique, Pedro Henrique Sousa de Andrade, Luciane Aparecida Pascucci Sande de Souza, Gustavo José Luvizutto
    Physiotherapy Research International.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Grey matter volume differences across Parkinson’s disease motor subtypes in the supplementary motor cortex
    A. Martin, J. Nassif, L. Chaluvadi, C. Schammel, R. Newman-Norlund, S. Bollmann, J. Absher
    NeuroImage: Clinical.2025; 45: 103724.     CrossRef
  • Effects of non-invasive brain stimulation over the supplementary motor area on motor function in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    Yawen Chen, Hanhong Jiang, Yixin Wei, Saiqing Ye, Jiaxin Jiang, Margaret Mak, Marco Y.C. Pang, Qiang Gao, Meizhen Huang
    Brain Stimulation.2025; 18(1): 1.     CrossRef
  • Impaired topological properties of cortical morphological brain networks correlate with motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease
    Su Yan, Jun Lu, Yuanhao Li, Tian Tian, Yiran Zhou, Hongquan Zhu, Yuanyuan Qin, Wenzhen Zhu
    Journal of Neuroradiology.2024; 51(4): 101155.     CrossRef
  • Libet’s legacy: A primer to the neuroscience of volition
    Tomáš Dominik, Alfred Mele, Aaron Schurger, Uri Maoz
    Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.2024; 157: 105503.     CrossRef
  • Neural correlates of fine motor grasping skills: Longitudinal insights into motor cortex activation using fNIRS
    Xiaoli Li, Minxia Jin, Nan Zhang, Wei Hongman, LianHui Fu, Qi Qi
    Brain and Behavior.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Affection of Motor Network Regions by Tau Pathology Across the Alzheimer's Disease Spectrum
    Gérard N. Bischof, Elena Jaeger, Kathrin Giehl, Merle C. Hönig, Peter H. Weiss, Alexander Drzezga
    eneuro.2024; 11(1): ENEURO.0242-23.2023.     CrossRef
  • Parkinson’s Disease Risk Variant rs9638616 is Non-Specifically Associated with Altered Brain Structure and Function
    Thomas Welton, Thomas Wei Jun Teo, Ling Ling Chan, Eng-King Tan, Louis Chew Seng Tan
    Journal of Parkinson’s Disease.2024; 14(4): 713.     CrossRef
  • HD-tDCS over left supplementary motor area differentially modulated neural correlates of motor planning for speech vs. limb movement
    Fatemeh Tabari, Celeste Patron, Hope Cryer, Karim Johari
    International Journal of Psychophysiology.2024; 201: 112357.     CrossRef
  • Addressing the sources of inter-subject variability in E-field parameters in anodal tDCS stimulation over motor cortical network
    Pablo Franco-Rosado, M Amparo Callejón, Javier Reina-Tosina, Laura M Roa, Juan F Martin-Rodriguez, Pablo Mir
    Physics in Medicine & Biology.2024; 69(14): 145013.     CrossRef
  • Cortical networks of parkinsonian gait: a metabolic and functional connectivity study
    Franziska Pellegrini, Nicoló G. Pozzi, Chiara Palmisano, Giorgio Marotta, Andreas Buck, Stefan Haufe, Ioannis U. Isaias
    Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology.2024; 11(10): 2597.     CrossRef
  • Combining Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation with Exercise to Improve Mobility, Stability, and Tremor Management in 25 Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease
    Fabrício D. de Almeida, Yiyu Wang, Rodrigo C. de Mello Pedreiro, Ana Carolina B. Brizzi, Shirley F. Campos, Melina P. Sales, Deanna M. Kennedy, Osmar Pinto Neto
    Neurology International.2024; 16(6): 1223.     CrossRef
  • Static and Dynamic Functional Network Connectivity in Parkinson's Disease Patients With Postural Instability and Gait Disorder
    Bo Shen, Qun Yao, Yixuan Zhang, Yinyin Jiang, Yaxi Wang, Xu Jiang, Yang Zhao, Haiying Zhang, Shuangshuang Dong, Dongfeng Li, Yaning Chen, Yang Pan, Jun Yan, Feng Han, Shengrong Li, Qi Zhu, Daoqiang Zhang, Li Zhang, Yun‐cheng Wu
    CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Functional anatomy of the subthalamic nucleus and the pathophysiology of cardinal features of Parkinson’s disease unraveled by focused ultrasound ablation
    Rafael Rodriguez-Rojas, Jorge U. Máñez-Miró, José A. Pineda-Pardo, Marta del Álamo, Raúl Martínez-Fernández, José A. Obeso
    Science Advances.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Sensorimotor network connectivity correlates with motor improvement after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with Parkinson's disease
    Shumei Chi, Xinrui Wen, Yang Yu, Guanjun Wang, Jie Zhang, Chuang Xue, Xiaoying Zhang, Zheng Wang, Meiduo Gesang, Jiefang Chen, Sha Wu, Man Jin, Jian Liu, Benyan Luo
    Parkinsonism & Related Disorders.2023; 106: 105218.     CrossRef
  • A new model for freedom of movement using connectomic analysis
    Diego Alonzo Rodríguez-Méndez, Daniel San-Juan, Mark Hallett, Chris G. Antonopoulos, Erick López-Reynoso, Ricardo Lara-Ramírez
    PeerJ.2022; 10: e13602.     CrossRef
  • Cortical and subcortical morphological alterations in motor subtypes of Parkinson’s disease
    Jianyu Li, Yuanchao Zhang, Zitong Huang, Yihan Jiang, Zhanbing Ren, Daihong Liu, Jiuquan Zhang, Roberta La Piana, Yifan Chen
    npj Parkinson's Disease.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
Brief communication
Article image
Dance Intervention Using the Feldenkrais Method Improves Motor, and Non-Motor Symptoms and Gait in Parkinson’s Disease: A 12-Month Study
Sung Hoon Kang, Jinhee Kim, Ilsoo Kim, Young Ae Moon, Sojung Park, Seong-Beom Koh
J Mov Disord. 2022;15(1):53-57.   Published online November 3, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.21086
  • 5,486 View
  • 407 Download
  • 3 Web of Science
  • 3 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Objective
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of dancing (using the Feldenkrais method) on motor and non-motor symptoms, quality of life (QoL), and objective parameters of gait at the time of intervention and at the end of the 1-year study period.
Methods
This was a single-arm study in which 12 subjects with Parkinson’s disease (PD) received dance intervention during a 6-month period. Objective motor scales, gait analysis, and questionnaires on non-motor symptoms were evaluated at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months.
Results
Dance intervention decreased motor scale (Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale and Tinetti scale) scores and improved gait disturbance (gait velocity and step length) without increasing levodopa equivalent dose. Furthermore, dancing decreased non-motor scale (Non-Motor Symptoms Scale and Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale) scores and improved QoL.
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that dance intervention can be a complementary management method for PD patients.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Somatic movement intervention among older adults to improve body awareness and spine mobility: A pilot study
    Diana K. Lara, Kate A. Hamel, David I. Anderson
    Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies.2025; 42: 319.     CrossRef
  • Feldenkrais method and clinical psychology: A systematic literature review exploring the potential of Feldenkrais Method in psychiatric care
    Sylvia Martin, Clara La Monica, Laura Soto, Vladimir Latocha
    Complementary Therapies in Medicine.2024; 85: 103073.     CrossRef
  • Mild cognitive impairment is associated with poor gait performance in patients with Parkinson’s disease
    Sung Hoon Kang, Jinhee Kim, Jungyeun Lee, Seong-Beom Koh
    Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
Case Report
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Focused Vibrotactile Stimulation with Cueing Effect on Freezing of Gait in Parkinson’s Disease: Two Case Reports
Xiu Sheng Tan, Floyd Pierres, Alex Dallman-Porter, William Hardie-Brown, Kyum-Yil Kwon
J Mov Disord. 2021;14(3):236-238.   Published online September 8, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.21076
  • 8,483 View
  • 198 Download
  • 8 Web of Science
  • 7 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Freezing of gait (FOG) is a common occurrence in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) that leads to significant limitations in mobility and increases risk of falls. Focused vibrotactile stimulation and cueing are two methods used to alleviate motor symptoms, including FOG, in patients with PD. While effective on their own, the effect of combining both focused vibrotactile stimulation and cueing has yet to be investigated. Two patients, both with a history of PD, suffered from frequent FOG episodes that failed to respond adequately to medication. A novel vibrotactile stimulation device that delivered rhythmic kinesthetic stimuli onto the sternum successfully reduced FOG episodes in both patients and drastically improved their mobility as measured by the Timed Up and Go test. We found that a combination of focused vibrotactile stimulation and cueing was effective in reducing FOG episodes in two patients with PD. Further well-designed prospective studies are needed to confirm our observations.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Approaches of wearable and implantable biosensor towards of developing in precision medicine
    Elham Ghazizadeh, Zahra Naseri, Hans-Peter Deigner, Hossein Rahimi, Zeynep Altintas
    Frontiers in Medicine.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The effect of tactile cueing on dual task performance in Parkinson’s disease. A systematic review and meta-analysis
    Viktoria Azoidou, Alastair J Noyce, Cristina Simonet
    Clinical Parkinsonism & Related Disorders.2024; 11: 100284.     CrossRef
  • Tapping into tissue bioelectromechanics: Electroactive biopolymers for dynamic tissue engineering
    Matthew K. Burgess, Malavika Nair
    APL Materials.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Therapeutic Devices for Motor Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease: Current Progress and a Systematic Review of Recent Randomized Controlled Trials
    Joji Fujikawa, Ryoma Morigaki, Nobuaki Yamamoto, Teruo Oda, Hiroshi Nakanishi, Yuishin Izumi, Yasushi Takagi
    Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Exploring a New Cueing Device in People Who Experience Freezing of Gait: Acceptance of a Study Design
    Agnes Wilhelm, Tanja Riedl, Christian Paumann, Jessie Janssen, Hélio Teive
    Parkinson's Disease.2022; 2022: 1.     CrossRef
  • Technological support for people with Parkinson’s disease: a narrative review
    Tommaso Di Libero, Elisa Langiano, Chiara Carissimo, Maria Ferrara, Pierluigi Diotaiuti, Angelo Rodio
    Journal of Gerontology and Geriatrics.2022; : 1.     CrossRef
  • Future Therapeutic Strategies for Freezing of Gait in Parkinson’s Disease
    Cathy K. Cui, Simon J. G. Lewis
    Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
Original Article
Article image
The Four Square Step Test for Assessing Cognitively Demanding Dynamic Balance in Parkinson’s Disease Patients
Jinhee Kim, Ilsoo Kim, Ye Eun Kim, Seong-Beom Koh
J Mov Disord. 2021;14(3):208-213.   Published online May 26, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.20146
  • 6,156 View
  • 183 Download
  • 6 Web of Science
  • 6 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Objective
The Four Square Step Test (FSST) is a tool that assesses dynamic balance during obstacle step-over. To date, few studies have used the FSST to measure balance in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). This study aimed to verify that patients with PD, even at the de novo early stage, take more time to perform the FSST and identify which factors, cognitive status or cardinal motor symptoms, are related most to FSST scores.
Methods
Thirty-five newly diagnosed drug-naïve patients with PD and 17 controls completed the FSST. The Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) stage, spatiotemporal gait parameters, and neuropsychological test battery were also assessed in the PD group.
Results
Mean FSST performance time was 8.20 ± 1.61 seconds in patients with PD, which was significantly more than the control group (7.13 ± 1.10 seconds, p = 0.018). UPDRS part III total score and H&Y stage were not significantly associated with FSST, but among the UPDRS subscores, only the postural instability/gait disturbance subscore showed a significant association. Regarding the association between FSST and cognition, the Trail Making Test-B and the Color Word Stroop Test showed strongly inverse correlations with FSST (rho = -0.598 and -0.590, respectively). With respect to gait parameters, double support time was significantly associated with FSST score (rho = 0.342, p = 0.044); however, other parameters, including velocity and step length, were not associated with the FSST.
Conclusion
The FSST can be used in the clinic to assess dynamic balance with cognitive demands even in the early stages of PD.

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Case Report
Article image
Myoclonus-Ataxia Syndrome Associated with COVID-19
Kuldeep Shetty, Atul Manchakrao Jadhav, Ranjith Jayanthakumar, Seema Jamwal, Tejaswini Shanubhogue, Mallepalli Prabhakar Reddy, Gopal Krishna Dash, Radhika Manohar, Vivek Jacob Philip, Vikram Huded
J Mov Disord. 2021;14(2):153-156.   Published online April 6, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.20106
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Neurological manifestations of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have increasingly been reported since the onset of the pandemic. Herein, we report a relatively new presentation. A patient in the convalescence period following a febrile illness with lower respiratory tract infection (fever, myalgia, nonproductive cough) presented with generalized disabling myoclonus, which is phenotypically suggestive of brainstem origin, along with additional truncal cerebellar ataxia. His neurology work-ups, such as brain MRI, electroencephalography, serum autoimmune and paraneoplastic antibody testing, were normal. His CT chest scan revealed right lower lung infiltrates, and serological and other laboratory testing did not show evidence of active infection. COVID-19 titers turned out to be strongly positive, suggestive of post-COVID-19 lung sequelae. He responded partially to antimyoclonic drugs and fully to a course of steroids, suggesting a para- or postinfectious immune-mediated pathophysiology. Myoclonusataxia syndrome appears to be a neurological manifestation of COVID-19 infection, and knowledge regarding this phenomenon should be increased among clinicians for better patient care in a pandemic situation.

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Original Articles
Long-term Effects of Bilateral Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation on Postural Instability and Gait Difficulty in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease
Hae-Won Shin, Mi Sun Kim, Sung Reul Kim, Sang Ryong Jeon, Sun Ju Chung
J Mov Disord. 2020;13(2):127-132.   Published online May 29, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.19081
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Objective
The long-term effects of bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) on postural instability and gait difficulty (PIGD) in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the longterm effects of STN-DBS surgery on PIGD symptoms in patients with advanced-stage PD. Methods This study included 49 consecutively included patients with PD who underwent bilateral STN-DBS. The Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) scores and subscores for PIGD were assessed at baseline and at 1, 3, and 5 years postoperatively. The PIGD subscore was divided into PIGD-motor and PIGD-activities of daily living (ADL) scores according to parts III and II of the UPDRS, respectively. Results The PIGD-motor and PIGD-ADL scores at the “medication-off” state improved at 3 and 5 years, respectively. Overall, the UPDRS III and II scores at “medication-off” improved at 5 years. The UPDRS IV score also significantly improved and the levodopa equivalent daily dosage decreased at all follow-ups. Finally, the PIGD-motor score at baseline was able to predict long-term improvement in the PIGD-motor score at the 5-year follow-up. Conclusion The STN-DBS has both short- and long-term effects on PIGD, as well as overall motor function, in patients with advanced PD. The degree of PIGD at the preoperative evaluation can be used to predict long-term outcomes after STN-DBS surgery.

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Article image
Heterogeneous Patterns of Striatal Dopamine Loss in Patients with Young- versus Old-Onset Parkinson’s Disease: Impact on Clinical Features
Seok Jong Chung, Han Soo Yoo, Yang Hyun Lee, Phil Hyu Lee, Young H. Sohn
J Mov Disord. 2019;12(2):113-119.   Published online May 30, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.18064
  • 8,650 View
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Objective
Ample evidence has suggested that age at onset of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with heterogeneous clinical features in individuals. We hypothesized that this may be attributed to different patterns of nigrostriatal dopamine loss.
Methods
A total of 205 consecutive patients with de novo PD who underwent 18F-FP-CIT PET scans (mean follow-up duration, 6.31 years) were divided into three tertile groups according to their age at onset of parkinsonian motor symptoms. Striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) availability was compared between the old- (n = 73) and young-onset (n = 66) groups. In addition, the risk of developing freezing of gait (FOG) and longitudinal requirements for dopaminergic medications were examined.
Results
The old-onset PD group (mean age at onset, 72.66 years) exhibited more severe parkinsonian motor signs than the young-onset group (52.58 years), despite comparable DAT availability in the posterior putamen; moreover, the old-onset group exhibited more severely decreased DAT availability in the caudate than the young-onset group. A Cox regression model revealed that the old-onset PD group had a higher risk for developing FOG than the young-onset group [hazard ratio 2.523, 95% confidence interval (1.239–5.140)]. The old-onset group required higher doses of dopaminergic medications for symptom control than the young-onset group over time.
Conclusion
The present study demonstrated that the old-onset PD group exhibited more severe dopamine loss in the caudate and were more likely to develop gait freezing, suggesting that age at onset may be one of the major determinants of the pattern of striatal dopamine depletion and progression of gait disturbance in PD.

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