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JMD Journal of Movement Disorders 2005-940X 2093-4939 The Korean Movement Disorder Society 10.14802/jmd.10006 jmd-3-1-20-6 Case Report Hemichorea-Hemiballism with a Diabetic Patient Kim Yoo Hwan Kim Ju Yeon Seok Hung Youl Koh Seong-Beom Department of Neurology, Korea University, College of Medicine, Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea Corresponding author Seong-Beom Koh, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Korea University, College of Medicine, Guro Hospital, 97 Gurodong-gil, Guro-gu, Seoul 152-703, Korea, Tel +82-2-2626-3169, Fax +82-2-2626-1257, E-mail parkinson@korea.ac.kr 5 2010 30 4 2010 3 1 20 21 23 10 2009 21 04 2010 Copyright © 2010 The Korean Movement Disorder Society 2010 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Chorea and ballism are movement disorders that result from a variety of conditions. They are an uncommon manifestation of diabetes mellitus. We report a 52-year-old diabetic man who presented with acute onset chorea-ballism with a putaminal high-signal-intensity lesion on T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Chorea Ballism Hyperglycemia

Chorea-ballism is a hyperkinetic disorder characterized by continuous non-rhythmic, rapid, purposeless involuntary movements involving both sides of the body. Chorea-ballism may be associated with a variety of factors such as cerebrovascular and inflammatory disease, drugs, metabolic derangement, neurodegenerative disorders, and tumors.15 Hyperglycemia is an unusual cause of chorea-ballism.

Case

A 52-year-old man presented at the movement disorder clinic with a 10-day history of involuntary movements involving both sides of the body. The abnormal involuntary movements (AIM) began in his left leg and spread to all of his extremities, trunk, and face. Gradually his AIM became more violent, flinging movements. He had no history of fever. He had a 2-month history of hypertension and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and was taking insulin and an oral hypoglycemic agent. The family history and general clinical examination were unremarkable. He worked as a welder. On neurologic examination, the patient had generalized choreic movements involving all four limbs, with left-side dominance. At the time, his blood glucose was 79 mg/dL, and the glycosylated hemoglobin A1c was 9.7%. Serial blood glucose levels ranged from 63 to 167 mg/dL. Urinalysis was negative for ketones. Thyroid and liver function tests were normal. The serum sodium was 143 mmol/L, serum osmolality was 328 mOsm/L, and creatine kinase (CK) was 1,489 IU/dL. The serum concentrations of heavy metals (copper, manganese, iron) were within the reference ranges. No definite abnormality was observed in the waking electroencephalogram, nerve conduction study, median nerve somatosensory evoked potential, and posterior tibial somatosensory evoked potential. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed 15 days after onset and showed an irregular area of high signal intensity in T1-weighted images in the striatum bilaterally (Figure 1). On T2-weighted and fluid attenuated inversion recovery imaging (FLAIR) MRI, the striatum appeared normal. His AIM disappeared almost completely after 4 days with haloperidol treatment (10 mg/day) and glucose control.

Discussion

Hemichorea-hemiballism (HCHB) is associated with a variety of diseases such as cerebrovascular and inflammatory diseases, drugs, metabolic derangement, neurodegenerative disorders, and tumors. It has been reported as an unusual manifestation of type 2 diabetes mellitus, usually occurring in Korean, Japanese, and Chinese women.6 HCHB may be a complication in patients already known to be diabetics or at the first manifestation of the syndrome. Our patient had been diagnosed with diabetes 2 months earlier.

The exact pathophysiology of HCHB is unknown, but focal microhemorrhage, ischemic injury, hyperglycemia, hyperviscosity, and mineralization have been suggested in radiological and pathological studies.7 Most cases were associated with hyperglycemia and improved rapidly after correcting the hyperglycemia. In this case, considering the patient’s high HbA1c (9.7%) on a high-dose oral hypoglycemic agent and insulin for 2 months, it is possible that his blood glucose had been higher before the onset of the chorea and was on the way to being corrected rapidly. In our case, we thought that the HCHB was induced not only by hyperglycemia, but also by the rapid fluctuation in the blood glucose itself.

The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.

REFERENCES

Mizushima N Park-Matsumoto YC Amakawa T Hayashi H A case of hemichorea-hemiballism associated with parietal lobe infarction Eur Neurol 1997 37 65 66 Lin JJ Lin GY Shih C Shen WC Presentation of striatal hyperintensity on T1-weighted MRI in patients with hemiballism-hemichorea caused by non-ketotic hyperglycemia: report of seven new cases and a review of literature J Neurol 2001 248 750 755 Gelosa G Tremolizzo L Galbussera A Perego R Capra M Frigo M Narrowing the window for ‘senile chorea’: a case with primary antiphospholipid syndrome J Neurol Sci 2009 284 211 213 Kumar H Masiowski P Jog M Chorea in the elderly with mutation positive polycythemia vera: a case report Can J Neurol Sci 2009 36 370 372 Ozben S Erol C Ozer F Tiras R Chorea as the presenting feature of neurosyphilis Neurol India 2009 57 347 349 Lee EJ Choi JY Lee SH Song SY Lee YS Hemichorea-hemiballism in primary diabetic patients: MR correlation J Comput Assist Tomogr 2002 26 905 911 Battisti C Forte F Rubenni E Dotti MT Bartali A Gennari P Two cases of hemichorea-hemiballism with nonketotic hyperglycemia: a new point of view Neurol Sci 2009 30 179 183

Figure

Diffusion-weighted (A and E), fluid attenuated inversion recovery (B and F), T1-weighted (C and G), and gradient echo (D and H) MRI. The T1-weighted brain MRI shows increased signal intensity in the putamen bilaterally.