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HOME > J Mov Disord > Volume 7(2); 2014 > Article
Letter to the editor
 Orthostatic Hypotension and Cognitive Impairment in De Novo Patients with Parkinson’s Disease
Hyo-Jin Bae, Jun-Ho Lim, Sang-Myung Cheon
Journal of Movement Disorders 2014;7(2):102-104.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.14016
Published online: October 30, 2014

Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea

Corresponding author: Sang-Myung Cheon, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Dong-A University, 26 Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 602-715, Korea / Tel: +82-51-240-5266 / Fax: +82-51-244-8338 / E-mail: smcheon@dau.ac.kr
• Received: September 5, 2014   • Revised: September 16, 2014   • Accepted: September 16, 2014

Copyright © 2014 The Korean Movement Disorder Society

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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A relationship between orthostatic hypotension (OH) and cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease (PD) has been recently investigated [1-3]. Most of the previous studies were performed with patients taking anti-parkinsonian medications, and one study was performed in patients before medication included patients with dementia. The authors studied OH in drug-naïve and non-demented patients with PD [4]. To find the relationship between cognitive dysfunction and OH, we performed an additional analysis of the association between cognitive function and OH in our cohort of PD patients [4].
The clinical characteristics of the subjects (45 drug-naïve PD patients, 17 men and 28 women, age of 63.8 ± 10.1 years, disease duration of 1.3 ± 1.1 years) and assessment of OH were described in a previous report [4]. Briefly, OH was measured by monitoring systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) using a tilt table. After a 10 minute period of lying down, the table was tilted to 60° upright, and the BP was recorded at the first, third, and fifth minutes after tilting. OH was defined as a drop in systolic BP ≥ 20 mm Hg or in diastolic BP ≥ 10 mm Hg at any time following being uprighted [2]. A detailed cognitive assessment was performed using the Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery (SNSB) [5]. Abnormal results of the SNSB were determined by a comparison with the results of a standard control group (less than 1 standard deviation) in each of six domains (attention, language, calculation, visuospatial function, memory, and frontal/executive function). SPSS version 19 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for the statistical calculations. The Mann-Whitney and chi tests were employed to analyze intergroup difference. Statistical significance was declared at the p < 0.05 level.
The results showed that nearly all patients (43/45, 95.6%) had an abnormality in at least one cognitive domain. Thirty five patients (77.8%) showed multiple domain abnormalities. Because all the participants did not show any impairment in the activities of daily living due to cognitive dysfunction, those patients with abnormal results could be classified as having mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Frontal/executive function was the most frequent abnormal domain (71.1%), followed by memory (66.7%), calculation (51.1%), and attention (44.4%). Abnormal results in patients with OH were more common in attention, memory, and frontal/executive function tests compared with those in patients without OH, but the differences were not significant. The overall performance of the patients showed no differences in terms of OH, but in the memory domain, the OH group showed significantly poorer performance in the recognition test of verbal memory than the normotensive group (Table 1). A similar non-significant trend was observed in the recognition test of visual memory. Discrimination tasks of recognition were also decreased in the OH group, and those differences became clear when the values were switched to percentiles of the general population (data not shown). There was no difference in the results of the cognitive function tests for those patients without any other comorbid disorders (data not shown).
Several cognitive domains were reported to be associated with OH in PD, such as attention, visuospatial function and verbal memory. Memory was the most consistent domain throughout the reports, and in particular, verbal memory was the only domain associated with OH in the patients before medication [2]. Our results also revealed an association between OH and verbal memory dysfunction, but with respect to recognition rather than recall. Because recognition has been known to be preserved in PD patients, the poor performance in the recognition task by PD patients with OH would suggest that OH could contribute to temporal cortical dysfunction [6]. OH results in transient or sustained cerebral hypoperfusion and is associated with the presence of white matter lesions [2]. However, another study failed to find any difference in white matter lesions between patients with and without OH [3]. Although the role of ischemic burdens in OH has still not been established, OH could be a potential therapeutic target for the prevention of dementia in PD patients and warrants early detection and appropriate management. However, cognitive dysfunction and autonomic dysfunction, such as OH, can be a clinical marker for more extensive Lewy body pathology. Further studies should allocate the OH in the pathological context of PD and the clinical implications.
There are several limitations in this report. We excluded PD patients with dementia, but detailed cognitive assessment revealed cognitive dysfunction in nearly all PD patients (43/45) compared with the age- and education-matched standard population. Although the prevalence of MCI in PD patients varies considerably depending on the report, there could be a selection bias in the setting of a tertiary referral hospital [7]. Another limitation is the clinical diagnosis of the patients. For diagnostic accuracy of PD, we enrolled PD patients who were followed up more than six months after the diagnosis of the patients. However, patients with atypical parkinsonism, especially multiple system atrophy and diffuse Lewy body disease, may have been included in our study. We did not control the medication for comorbid disorders, such as hypertension and benign prostate hypertrophy, which might have influenced the BP results.
In conclusion, we found that OH was associated with cognitive dysfunction, especially the verbal memory task. The early detection and appropriate management of OH could have potential for the prevention of cognitive deterioration in patients with PD.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.

Table 1.
Results of cognitive function tests in drug-naïve and non-demented PD patients
Patients with orthostatic hypotension (n = 18) Patients without orthostatic hypotension (n = 27) p
Attention
 Digit-span forward 5.5 ± 1.6 4.9 ± 1.5 0.248
 Digit-span backward 3.1 ± 0.9 2.9 ± 1.2 0.874
Language
 Naming K-BNT 44.8 ± 6.1 41.6 ± 10.2 0.405
 Repetition 15.0 ± 0.0 14.5 ± 0.8 0.070
Calculation
 Add 2.5 ± 0.7 2.2 ± 0.9 0.296
 Subtraction 2.4 ± 0.7 2.3 ± 0.9 0.978
 Multiplication 2.0 ± 1.2 1.5 ± 1.3 0.190
 Division 1.7 ± 1.2 1.3 ± 1.2 0.232
Visuospatial function
 RCFT copy 28.7 ± 9.5 26.9 ± 10.6 0.638
Memory
 SVLT recall 16.4 ± 4.3 16.3 ± 5.5 0.871
 SVLT delayed recall 4.7 ± 3.1 4.5 ± 2.4 0.700
 SVLT recognition 18.2 ± 2.9 19.8 ± 2.3 0.046
 RCFT recall 9.1 ± 7.4 7.8 ± 8.9 0.277
 RCFT delayed recall 10.1 ± 6.4 8.6 ± 8.3 0.282
 RCFT recognition 19.3 ± 2.0 18.0 ± 2.1 0.071
Frontal/Executive function
 COWAT-animal 11.2 ± 3.9 11.5 ± 3.1 0.834
 COWAT-supermarket 13.3 ± 4.4 12.6 ± 4.8 0.701
 COWAT-phonemic 15.4 ± 8.2 15.7 ± 10.6 0.813
 Stroop word reading 106.3 ± 14.1 96.8 ± 25.8 0.317
 Stroop color reading 57.1 ± 34.6 67.0 ± 28.9 0.359

PD: Parkinson’s disease, K-BNT: Korean-Boston Naming Test, RCFT: Rey Complex Figure Test, SVLT: Seoul Verbal Learning Test, COWAT: Controlled Oral Word Association Test.

  • 1. Allcock LM, Kenny RA, Mosimann UP, Tordoff S, Wesnes KA, Hildreth AJ, et al. Orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson’s disease: association with cognitive decline? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006;21:778–783.ArticlePubMed
  • 2. Oh YS, Kim JS, Lee KS. Orthostatic and supine blood pressures are associated with white matter hyperintensities in Parkinson disease. J Mov Disord 2013;6:23–27.ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
  • 3. Pilleri M, Facchini S, Gasparoli E, Biundo R, Bernardi L, Marchetti M, et al. Cognitive and MRI correlates of orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol 2013;260:253–259.ArticlePubMed
  • 4. Bae HJ, Cheon SM, Kim JW. Orthostatic hypotension in drug-naïve patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Mov Disord 2011;4:33–37.ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
  • 5. Kim JW, Jo HY, Park MJ, Cheon SM. Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease. J Mov Disord 2008;1:19–25.ArticlePDF
  • 6. Helkala EL, Laulumaa V, Soininen H, Riekkinen PJ. Recall and recognition memory in patients with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Ann Neurol 1988;24:214–217.ArticlePubMed
  • 7. Yarnall AJ, Rochester L, Burn DJ. Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease. Age Ageing 2013;42:567–576.ArticlePubMedPDF

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    Orthostatic Hypotension and Cognitive Impairment in De Novo Patients with Parkinson’s Disease
    Orthostatic Hypotension and Cognitive Impairment in De Novo Patients with Parkinson’s Disease
    Patients with orthostatic hypotension (n = 18) Patients without orthostatic hypotension (n = 27) p
    Attention
     Digit-span forward 5.5 ± 1.6 4.9 ± 1.5 0.248
     Digit-span backward 3.1 ± 0.9 2.9 ± 1.2 0.874
    Language
     Naming K-BNT 44.8 ± 6.1 41.6 ± 10.2 0.405
     Repetition 15.0 ± 0.0 14.5 ± 0.8 0.070
    Calculation
     Add 2.5 ± 0.7 2.2 ± 0.9 0.296
     Subtraction 2.4 ± 0.7 2.3 ± 0.9 0.978
     Multiplication 2.0 ± 1.2 1.5 ± 1.3 0.190
     Division 1.7 ± 1.2 1.3 ± 1.2 0.232
    Visuospatial function
     RCFT copy 28.7 ± 9.5 26.9 ± 10.6 0.638
    Memory
     SVLT recall 16.4 ± 4.3 16.3 ± 5.5 0.871
     SVLT delayed recall 4.7 ± 3.1 4.5 ± 2.4 0.700
     SVLT recognition 18.2 ± 2.9 19.8 ± 2.3 0.046
     RCFT recall 9.1 ± 7.4 7.8 ± 8.9 0.277
     RCFT delayed recall 10.1 ± 6.4 8.6 ± 8.3 0.282
     RCFT recognition 19.3 ± 2.0 18.0 ± 2.1 0.071
    Frontal/Executive function
     COWAT-animal 11.2 ± 3.9 11.5 ± 3.1 0.834
     COWAT-supermarket 13.3 ± 4.4 12.6 ± 4.8 0.701
     COWAT-phonemic 15.4 ± 8.2 15.7 ± 10.6 0.813
     Stroop word reading 106.3 ± 14.1 96.8 ± 25.8 0.317
     Stroop color reading 57.1 ± 34.6 67.0 ± 28.9 0.359
    Table 1. Results of cognitive function tests in drug-naïve and non-demented PD patients

    PD: Parkinson’s disease, K-BNT: Korean-Boston Naming Test, RCFT: Rey Complex Figure Test, SVLT: Seoul Verbal Learning Test, COWAT: Controlled Oral Word Association Test.

    Table 1.

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