Skip Navigation
Skip to contents

JMD : Journal of Movement Disorders

OPEN ACCESS
SEARCH
Search

Articles

Page Path
HOME > J Mov Disord > Volume 8(2); 2015 > Article
Review Article
Many Faces of Parkinson’s Disease: Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease
Hye Mi Lee, Seong-Beom Koh
Journal of Movement Disorders 2015;8(2):92-97.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.15003
Published online: May 31, 2015

Department of Neurology, Korea University College of Medicine at Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea

Corresponding author: Seong-Beom Koh, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, Korea University College of Medicine at Guro Hospital, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 152-703, Korea Tel: +82-2-2626-3169 Fax: +82-2-2626-1257 E-mail: parkinson@korea.ac.kr
• Received: January 28, 2015   • Revised: January 28, 2015   • Accepted: February 12, 2015

Copyright © 2015 The Korean Movement Disorder Society

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

  • 22,044 Views
  • 540 Download
  • 95 Web of Science
  • 93 Crossref
  • Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a multi-systemic disorder that is characterized by a combination of motor and non-motor symptoms (NMS). The dopaminergic neurodegeneration of PD is involved in the genesis of NMS, but other conditions and side effects of levodopa are also associated with NMS. NMS can develop at all stage of PD and rapid eyeball movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD), constipation, depression, and olfactory dysfunction are considered prodromal signs of PD. Many NMS related with motor deficits and cognitive dysfunction. Some NMS including olfactory dysfunction, RBD and abnormal stereopsis are associated with presence of other NMS of PD. In addition, several NMS can be helpful to differentiate between idiopathic PD and other parkinsonian disorders. Early recognition and management of NMS in PD patients is important for preserving quality of life.
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is considered a multi-systemic neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by a combination of motor and non-motor symptoms (NMS) [1,2]. For a long time the main clinical focus in PD has been on the motor symptoms, however, there is increasing recognition that the clinical spectrum of PD is more extensive, also including NMS. NMS of PD comprised a variety of cognitive, neuropsychiatric, sleep, autonomic, and sensory dysfunctions [3]. Neuroanatomically, NMS may be subdivided into cortical manifestations (psychosis and cognitive impairment), basal ganglia symptoms (impulse control disorders, apathy, and restlessness or akathisia), brainstem symptoms (depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders), and the peripheral nervous system disturbances [orthostatic hypotension (OH), constipation, pain, and sensory disturbances] [4]. Another way of classifying NMS is to divide it by the contributing factors [5,6]. Some NMS correlated with accumulation of Lewy body pathology and disease severity [3,5] and other NMS are known as dopamine replacement therapy related symptoms [7,8]. Additionally, some NMS including rapid eyeball movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD), constipation, depression and olfactory dysfunction can be present in prodromal PD [9]. Recently NMS are recognized as an important part of PD symptoms which is a significant cause of disability and poor quality of life for PD patients and receiving medical attention as a focus of care [10-12]. This manuscript will review the literature on NMS and provide some educational issues about NMS of PD and other parkinsonian disorders.
The assessment of NMS in patients with PD is essential for proper management. There are specific validated tools available for their assessment. The Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale is an easyto-use instrument and extensively applied to clinical trials of early PD [13]. It includes a few items for NMS but has a limited application because it reliably completed by non-demented patients. The Scale for Outcomes in Parkinson’s disease (SCOPA) battery of assessments consists of seven sub-rating scales that cover almost all symptom domains of PD (PROfiling PARKinson’s disease or PROPARK) (http://www.scopa.propark.eu). It was designed to be short, practical to administer, and either self-assessed or observer-administered. The non-motor symptoms questionnaire (NMSQ) is a self-administered screening tool comprising 30 items of NMS [14]. It is used to identify presence of NMS for further investigation and does not provide a severity of symptoms and an overall score. The non-motor symptoms scale (NMSS) is observer-rated scale consists of 9 domains, 30 items [15]. It was designed to quantify clinically significant NMS by measuring the frequency and severity of NMS. The NMSS translated into Korean exhibited good validity for the assessment of NMS in Korean PD patients [16].
Many studies suggest there is a prodromal or premotor stage of PD before the onset of motor symptoms. Because the early occurrence of NMS correlates with the progression of Lewy body pathology [17] and even dopaminergic cell loss in subtantia nigra occurs from the premotor stage [18], identifying early PD as a target of neuroprotective treatment is spotted. Some NMS including olfactory dysfunction, RBD, constipation, and depression may precede the development of motor symptoms of PD and are considered prodromal signs before diagnosis of classical PD [9,19]. In addition, visual changes, autonomic dysfunction, and subtle cognitive changes may also be present at prodromal stages of PD [9].
The motor symptoms can be classified with the levodopa responsiveness. Bradykinesia and rigidity are most likely to get better with levodopa, while axial problems such as balance, speech and gait disturbance do not show adequate response to levodopa compared to bradykinesia and rigidity. In the same manner, NMS can be classified with the relationship of dopaminergic treatment (Table 1) [20,21]. Recent positron emission tomography study suggests a dopaminergic contribution to some NMS [22] and such symptoms related to the dopamine replacement therapy (DRT). Because levodopa may modify striatal serotonin level [23], some non-dopaminergic NMS also respond to DRT. However, many NMS occur as a result of dysfunction of various neurotransmitters, they require different treatments rather than DRT.
The postural instability gait difficulty (PIGD) subtype of PD has been reported to be associated with NMS. Patients with the PIGD subtype were related to faster cognitive decline [24] and more frequent depression [25]. Recent study suggests that patients with higher scores of motor symptom experienced greater numbers of NMS and among them, patients with the PIGD subtype had higher NMSQ scores than patients with other subtypes [26]. Fluctuation of motor symptoms in PD also has relation to NMS. PD patients with motor fluctuation were related with more anxiety [25]. Anxiety, depression, fatigue, inner restlessness, pain, concentration/attention and dizziness were known to fluctuate in conjunction to motor fluctuations with more frequent and severe symptoms in ‘off’ compared to ‘on’ state [27]. The patterns of these NMS fluctuations are heterogeneous and complex, but psychic NMS fluctuate more frequently and severely [27]. However, the study revealed no correlation between the severity of NMS and motor function [27]. In addition, there is a close relationship between sensory dysfunction and motor signs. Higher-order discriminative sensory dysfunction seems to contribute in part to the development of axial motor deficits in PD [28]. The discriminative sensory dysfunction and consequent abnormal sensorimotor integration seem to be involved in the impaired finger dexterity (coin rotation test) of PD [29]. A study on dysfunction of special sensory in early PD patients revealed postural instability caused by sensory organization defects (visual & vestibular processing) seem to be related with motor deficits and cognitive dysfunction [30].
Several studies have reported the interrelationship among some NMS. Olfactory dysfunction in PD was known to be related to both cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic dysfunction measured by the heart/mediastinum ratio of cardiac 123I-MIBG uptake, the fall in orthostatic blood pressure, and heart rave variability [31]. Olfactory dysfunction was also associated with postganglionic cardiac and organ-selective extracardiac noradrenergic denervation as indicated by concentration ratios of 6-[18F] fluorodopaminederived radioactivity in heart versus other organs and by low concentrations of norepinephrine and dihydroxyphenylglycol levels in skeletal muscle microdialysate samples [32]. One study suggested that PD patients with RBD were at higher risk of manifesting hallucinations and delusions [33]. However, the other study reported that the presence of RBD was associated with symptoms, signs and prevalence of OH but not associated with psychotic symptoms [34]. Other independent clinical factors found to have an effect on psychotic disorders were cognitive impairment and autonomic dysfunction [33,35]. Cognitive impairment is also related to neurocirculatory abnormalities, especially OH and supine hypertension in early PD [36]. PD patients with abnormal stereopsis showed more frequent abnormal visual perception and constructive function compared to patients with normal stereopsis [37]. Abnormal stereopsis is associated with nondominant extrastriate cortical atrophy and that it implicates the cortical visual dysfunction as part of the nonmotor symptoms in PD [38].
Cognitive impairments are common in PD. Despite its clinical importance, the development of dementia is still difficult to predict. Vivid dreaming, RBD, hyposmia, abnormal stereopsis, and depression were significant NMS PD dementia predictors at 24 months in one study [39]. These NMS are also associated with a more rapid rate of cognitive decline.
Non-motor symptoms has been investigated in other neurodegenerative disorders associated with parkinsonism. Olfactory dysfunction corresponds to neuropathological findings of Lewy bodies in the anterior olfactory nucleus [40]. Olfactory dysfunction tested by the University of Pennsylvania smell identification test (UPSIT) was found to be mildly impaired in multiple system atrophy (MSA) [41,42], and normal in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) [41], corticobasal degeneration [41,42], and vascular parkinsonism [43]. The UPSIT was moderately sensitive and specific for differentiation of idiopathic PD from other parkinsonian syndrome but less specific for distinguishing idiopathic PD from MSA [44]. Instead, early presentation of autonomic failure, sleep problems and respiratory dysfunctions/stridor are regarded as premotor signs for diagnosis of MSA [45]. In patients with drug induced parkinsonism (DIP) unrelated to PD, olfactory function assessed by the cross cultural smell identification test and cardiac 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine uptake were normal [46]. Urinary symptoms, excessive daytime sleepiness, restless legs syndrome, attention deficit, and hyposmia were associated with PD and may be helpful to differentiate between DIP and PD in the early stages [47]. Essential tremor patients had significant cognitive dysfunction, neuropsychiatric problems including depression and have complained about significant autonomic dysfunction and excessive daytime somnolence compared to normal controls. Patients with ET have several NMS similar to those of patients with PD, which have a similar impact on their quality of life [48].
Non-motor symptoms and levodopa-resistant motor symptoms dominate the clinical picture and disability of patients with late stage PD [49]. The scores of Korean version of 39-item Parkinson’s disease questionnaire (PDQ-39), instrument for evaluating healthrelated quality of life (HrQoL) in PD patients, demonstrated significant relationships with NMSS scores [50]. The NMSS scores also significantly correlated with PDQ-39 scores in patients with MSA and PSP [51]. NMS progression contributes importantly to HrQoL decline [52] with a growing emphasis on the importance of HrQoL when managing PD patients.
Non-motor symptoms in PD have close relationship with motor signs and are now recognized as an integral component of multisystem disorder. NMS often carry a greater impact than motor signs in PD, especially in the late stage of PD. Although many NMS are resistant to levodopa treatment, optimizing dopaminergic therapies is viable avenue to improve control of some disabling NMS in PD. In recognition and treatment of NMS are increasingly emphasized in the care of PD patients.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.

Table 1.
Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease and their responsiveness to dopamine therapy [26]
Responsive to DRT Unresponsive to DRT Induced by DRT
Neuropsychiatric symptoms Depression Cognitive dysfunction Hallucination
Apathy Attension deficit Delusion
Anxiety Dementia DDS
Anhedonia Confusion Punding
Off period related panic attacks ICD
Sleep disorders RLS Non-REM sleep related movement disorders EDS
PLM Vivid dreaming
RBD* Insomnia
Sleep-disordered breathing
Autonomic symptoms Urgency (detrusor overactivity) Frequency Orthostatic hypotension
Nocturia Sweating
Erectile dysfunction
Gastrointestinal symptoms Dribbling of saliva* Ageusia
Constipation Dysphagia Nausea
Unsatisfactory voiding of bowel Reflux, vomiting Diarrhea
Fecal incontinence
Sensory symptoms Secondary pain
Primary pain (central pain) Paresthesia
Fluctuation-related pain Olfactory disturbance
Visual dysfunction
Other symptoms Non-motor fluctuations Ankle swelling
Fatigue Blurred vision

* some anecdotal reports of response to dopaminergic treatment. Some unmarked symptoms might also respond to treatment. DDS: dopamine dysregulation syndrome, DRT: dopamine replacement therapy, EDS: excessive daytime sleepiness, ICD: impulse control disorders, PLM: periodic limb movement, RBD: rapid eyeball movement behavior disorder, REM: rapid eyeball movement, RLS: restless legs syndrome.

  • 1. Lang AE, Lozano AM. Parkinson’s disease. First of two parts. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1044–1053.ArticlePubMed
  • 2. Braak H, Braak E. Pathoanatomy of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol 2000;247 Suppl 2:II3–II10.Article
  • 3. Chaudhuri KR, Healy DG, Schapira AH; National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease: diagnosis and management. Lancet Neurol 2006;5:235–245.ArticlePubMed
  • 4. Stacy M. Nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. Int J Neurosci 2011;121 Suppl 2:9–17.ArticlePubMed
  • 5. Lim SY, Lang AE. The nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease--an overview. Mov Disord 2010;25 Suppl 1:S123–S130.Article
  • 6. Kim J, Kim M, Kwon do Y, Seo WK, Kim JH, Baik JS, et al. Clinical characteristics of impulse control and repetitive behavior disorders in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol 2013;260:429–437.ArticlePubMed
  • 7. Biglan KM, Holloway RG Jr, McDermott MP, Richard IH; Parkinson Study Group CALM-PD Investigators . Risk factors for somnolence, edema, and hallucinations in early Parkinson disease. Neurology 2007;69:187–195.ArticlePubMed
  • 8. Maricle RA, Valentine RJ, Carter J, Nutt JG. Mood response to levodopa infusion in early Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 1998;50:1890–1892.ArticlePubMed
  • 9. Postuma RB, Aarsland D, Barone P, Burn DJ, Hawkes CH, Oertel W, et al. Identifying prodromal Parkinson’s disease:pre-motor disorders in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2012;27:617–626.ArticlePubMed
  • 10. Li H, Zhang M, Chen L, Zhang J, Pei Z, Hu A, et al. Nonmotor symptoms are independently associated with impaired health-related quality of life in Chinese patients with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2010;25:2740–2746.ArticlePubMed
  • 11. Weintraub D, Moberg PJ, Duda JE, Katz IR, Stern MB. Effect of psychiatric and other nonmotor symptoms on disability in Parkinson’s disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004;52:784–788.ArticlePubMed
  • 12. Barone P, Antonini A, Colosimo C, Marconi R, Morgante L, Avarello TP, et al. The PRIAMO study: a multicenter assessment of nonmotor symptoms and their impact on quality of life in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2009;24:1641–1649.ArticlePubMed
  • 13. Movement Disorder Society Task Force on Rating Scales for Parkinson’s Disease. The Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS): status and recommendations. Mov Disord 2003;18:738–750.ArticlePubMed
  • 14. Chaudhuri KR, Martinez-Martin P, Schapira AH, Stocchi F, Sethi K, Odin P, et al. International multicenter pilot study of the first comprehensive self-completed nonmotor symptoms questionnaire for Parkinson’s disease: the NMS-Quest study. Mov Disord 2006;21:916–923.ArticlePubMed
  • 15. Chaudhuri KR, Martinez-Martin P. Quantitation of nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Neurol 2008;15 Suppl 2:2–7.Article
  • 16. Koh SB, Kim JW, Ma HI, Ahn TB, Cho JW, Lee PH, et al. Validation of the Korean-version of the nonmotor symptoms scale for Parkinson’s disease. J Clin Neurol 2012;8:276–283.ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 17. Braak H, Del Tredici K, Rüb U, de Vos RA, Jansen Steur EN, Braak E. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 2003;24:197–211.ArticlePubMed
  • 18. Fearnley JM, Lees AJ. Ageing and Parkinson’s disease: substantia nigra regional selectivity. Brain 1991;114(Pt 5):2283–2301.ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 19. Noyce AJ, Bestwick JP, Silveira-Moriyama L, Hawkes CH, Giovannoni G, Lees AJ, et al. Meta-analysis of early nonmotor features and risk factors for Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol 2012;72:893–901.ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 20. Martinez-Castrillo JC, Vela L, del Val J, Alonso-Canovas A. Nonmotor disorders and their correlation with dopamine:can they be treated by currently available methods? Neurologist 2011;17(6 Suppl 1):S9–S17.ArticlePubMed
  • 21. Chaudhuri KR, Schapira AH. Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease: dopaminergic pathophysiology and treatment. Lancet Neurol 2009;8:464–474.ArticlePubMed
  • 22. Politis M, Piccini P, Pavese N, Koh SB, Brooks DJ. Evidence of dopamine dysfunction in the hypothalamus of patients with Parkinson’s disease: an in vivo 11C-raclopride PET study. Exp Neurol 2008;214:112–116.ArticlePubMed
  • 23. Loeffler DA, LeWitt PA, Juneau PL, Camp DM, DeMaggio AJ, Havaich MK, et al. Influence of repeated levodopa administration on rabbit striatal serotonin metabolism, and comparison between striatal and CSF alterations. Neurochem Res 1998;23:1521–1525.ArticlePubMed
  • 24. Burn DJ, Rowan EN, Allan LM, Molloy S, O’Brien JT, McKeith IG. Motor subtype and cognitive decline in Parkinson’s disease, Parkinson’s disease with dementia, and dementia with Lewy bodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006;77:585–589.ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 25. Burn DJ, Landau S, Hindle JV, Samuel M, Wilson KC, Hurt CS, et al. Parkinson’s disease motor subtypes and mood. Mov Disord 2012;27:379–386.ArticlePubMed
  • 26. Khoo TK, Yarnall AJ, Duncan GW, Coleman S, O’Brien JT, Brooks DJ, et al. The spectrum of nonmotor symptoms in early Parkinson disease. Neurology 2013;80:276–281.ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 27. Storch A, Schneider CB, Wolz M, Stürwald Y, Nebe A, Odin P, et al. Nonmotor fluctuations in Parkinson disease:severity and correlation with motor complications. Neurology 2013;80:800–809.ArticlePubMed
  • 28. Lyoo CH, Ryu YH, Lee MJ, Lee MS. Striatal dopamine loss and discriminative sensory dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neurol Scand 2012;126:344–349.ArticlePubMed
  • 29. Lee MS, Lyoo CH, Lee MJ, Sim J, Cho H, Choi YH. Impaired finger dexterity in patients with Parkinson’s disease correlates with discriminative cutaneous sensory dysfunction. Mov Disord 2010;25:2531–2535.ArticlePubMed
  • 30. Lee JM, Koh SB, Chae SW, Seo WK, Kwon do Y, Kim JH, et al. Postural instability and cognitive dysfunction in early Parkinson’s disease. Can J Neurol Sci 2012;39:473–482.ArticlePubMed
  • 31. Oka H, Toyoda C, Yogo M, Mochio S. Olfactory dysfunction and cardiovascular dysautonomia in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol 2010;257:969–976.ArticlePubMed
  • 32. Goldstein DS, Sewell L, Holmes C. Association of anosmia with autonomic failure in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2010;74:245–251.ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 33. Pacchetti C, Manni R, Zangaglia R, Mancini F, Marchioni E, Tassorelli C, et al. Relationship between hallucinations, delusions, and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2005;20:1439–1448.ArticlePubMed
  • 34. Postuma RB, Gagnon JF, Vendette M, Charland K, Montplaisir J. Manifestations of Parkinson disease differ in association with REM sleep behavior disorder. Mov Disord 2008;23:1665–1672.ArticlePubMed
  • 35. Williams DR, Lees AJ. Visual hallucinations in the diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease: a retrospective autopsy study. Lancet Neurol 2005;4:605–610.ArticlePubMed
  • 36. Kim JS, Oh YS, Lee KS, Kim YI, Yang DW, Goldstein DS. Association of cognitive dysfunction with neurocirculatory abnormalities in early Parkinson disease. Neurology 2012;79:1323–1331.ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 37. Kim SH, Park JH, Kim YH, Koh SB. Stereopsis in drug na- ïve Parkinson’s disease patients. Can J Neurol Sci 2011;38:299–302.ArticlePubMed
  • 38. Koh SB, Suh SI, Kim SH, Kim JH. Stereopsis and extrastriate cortical atrophy in Parkinson’s disease: a voxel-based morphometric study. Neuroreport 2013;24:229–232.ArticlePubMed
  • 39. Kwon KY, Kang SH, Kim M, Lee HM, Jang JW, Kim JY, et al. Nonmotor symptoms and cognitive decline in de novo Parkinson’s disease. Can J Neurol Sci 2014;41:597–602.ArticlePubMed
  • 40. Hawkes C. Olfaction in neurodegenerative disorder. Mov Disord 2003;18:364–372.ArticlePubMed
  • 41. Wenning GK, Shephard B, Hawkes C, Petruckevitch A, Lees A, Quinn N. Olfactory function in atypical parkinsonian syndromes. Acta Neurol Scand 1995;91:247–250.ArticlePubMed
  • 42. Müller A, Müngersdorf M, Reichmann H, Strehle G, Hummel T. Olfactory function in Parkinsonian syndromes. J Clin Neurosci 2002;9:521–524.ArticlePubMed
  • 43. Katzenschlager R, Zijlmans J, Evans A, Watt H, Lees AJ. Olfactory function distinguishes vascular parkinsonism from Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:1749–1752.ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 44. McKinnon JH, Demaerschalk BM, Caviness JN, Wellik KE, Adler CH, Wingerchuk DM. Sniffing out Parkinson disease: can olfactory testing differentiate parkinsonian disorders? Neurologist 2007;13:382–385.ArticlePubMed
  • 45. Jecmenica-Lukic M, Poewe W, Tolosa E, Wenning GK. Premotor signs and symptoms of multiple system atrophy. Lancet Neurol 2012;11:361–368.ArticlePubMed
  • 46. Lee PH, Yeo SH, Yong SW, Kim YJ. Odour identification test and its relation to cardiac 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine in patients with drug induced parkinsonism. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007;78:1250–1252.ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 47. Kim JS, Youn J, Shin H, Cho JW. Nonmotor symptoms in drug-induced parkinsonism and drug-naïve Parkinson disease. Can J Neurol Sci 2013;40:36–41.ArticlePubMed
  • 48. Lee SM, Kim M, Lee HM, Kwon KY, Koh SB. Nonmotor symptoms in essential tremor: comparison with Parkinson’s disease and normal control. J Neurol Sci 2015;349:168–173.ArticlePubMed
  • 49. Coelho M, Ferreira JJ. Late-stage Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2012;8:435–442.ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 50. Kwon DY, Kim JW, Ma HI, Ahn TB, Cho J, Lee PH, et al. Translation and validation of the Korean version of the 39-item Parkinson’s disease questionnaire. J Clin Neurol 2013;9:26–31.ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 51. Lee CN, Kim M, Lee HM, Jang JW, Lee SM, Kwon DY, et al. The interrelationship between non-motor symptoms in Atypical Parkinsonism. J Neurol Sci 2013;327:15–21.ArticlePubMed
  • 52. Martinez-Martin P, Rodriguez-Blazquez C, Kurtis MM, Chaudhuri KR; NMSS Validation Group. The impact of non-motor symptoms on health-related quality of life of patients with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2011;26:399–406.ArticlePubMed

Figure & Data

References

    Citations

    Citations to this article as recorded by  
    • Challenges in Managing Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease in Low‐Resourced Settings with Unavailability of Newer Drugs
      Zakiyah Aldaajani, Hanan Khalil
      Movement Disorders Clinical Practice.2024; 11(2): 123.     CrossRef
    • Is there any correlation between alpha-synuclein levels in tears and retinal layer thickness in Parkinson's disease?
      Azyadeh Camacho-Ordonez, Amin Cervantes-Arriaga, Mayela Rodríguez-Violante, Ana Jimena Hernandez-Medrano, Selma Alin Somilleda-Ventura, Hector J. Pérez-Cano, Ángel Nava-Castañeda, Oscar Guerrero-Berger
      European Journal of Ophthalmology.2024; 34(1): 252.     CrossRef
    • Robotic technology for Parkinson's disease: Needs, attitudes and concerns of individuals with Parkinson's disease and their family members. A focus group study
      Azriel Kaplan, Shirel Barkan-Slater, Yair Zlotnik, Shelly Levy-Tzedek
      International Journal of Human-Computer Studies.2024; 181: 103148.     CrossRef
    • Associations of dual-task walking costs with cognition in Parkinson’s disease
      Danial Kazemi, Amir Shayan Chadeganipour, Mina Dehghani, Fatemeh Ghorbali
      Gait & Posture.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Neuroprotective effect of anethole against rotenone induced non-motor deficits and oxidative stress in rat model of Parkinson’s disease
      Sadegh Moradi Vastegani, Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam, Esrafil Mansouri, Somayeh Hajipour, Samireh Ghafouri, Nima Bakhtiari, Alireza Sarkaki, Yaghoob Farbood
      Behavioural Brain Research.2023; 437: 114100.     CrossRef
    • The effects of synbiotic supplementation on oxidative stress markers, mental status, and quality of life in patients with Parkinson’s disease: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized controlled trial
      Sanaz Mehrabani, Fariborz Khorvash, Zahra Heidari, Maryam Tajabadi-Ebrahimi, Reza Amani
      Journal of Functional Foods.2023; 100: 105397.     CrossRef
    • Role of Ceramides and Sphingolipids in Parkinson's Disease
      Melissa Vos, Christine Klein, Andrew A Hicks
      Journal of Molecular Biology.2023; 435(12): 168000.     CrossRef
    • Efficacy of herbal medicine treatment based on syndrome differentiation for Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials
      Purumea Jun, HuiYan Zhao, In Chul Jung, Ojin Kwon, Chang-Hyun Han, Jiyoon Won, Jung-Hee Jang
      Frontiers in Pharmacology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • A meta-analysis of exercise intervention and the effect on Parkinson’s Disease symptoms
      Syed Omar Ahmad, Jason Longhurst, Dana Stiles, Lana Downard, Stephanie Martin
      Neuroscience Letters.2023; 801: 137162.     CrossRef
    • Controlling the Impact of Helicobacter pylori-Related Hyperhomocysteinemia on Neurodegeneration
      Jannis Kountouras, Michael Doulberis, Apostolis Papaefthymiou, Stergios A. Polyzos, Christos Zavos, Evangelos Kazakos, Stergios Arapoglou, Foteini Kyrailidi, Maria C. Mouratidou, Marina Boziki, Elisabeth Vardaka
      Medicina.2023; 59(3): 504.     CrossRef
    • Case management interventions in chronic disease reduce anxiety and depressive symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis
      Angelika D. Geerlings, Jules M. Janssen Daalen, Jan H. L. Ypinga, Bastiaan R. Bloem, Marjan J. Meinders, Marten Munneke, Sirwan K. L. Darweesh, Vincenzo De Luca
      PLOS ONE.2023; 18(4): e0282590.     CrossRef
    • Bio-synthesized selenium nanoparticles ameliorate Brain oxidative stress in Parkinson disease rat models
      Sanaz Salaramoli, Hamed Amiri, Hamid Reza Joshaghani, Mahmoud Hosseini, Seyed Isaac Hashemy
      Metabolic Brain Disease.2023; 38(6): 2055.     CrossRef
    • Therapeutic Approaches to Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease: A Current Update on Preclinical Evidence
      Poornima D.E. Weerasinghe-Mudiyanselage, Sohi Kang, Joong-Sun Kim, Changjong Moon
      Current Neuropharmacology.2023; 21(3): 560.     CrossRef
    • Psychosis in Parkinson’s Disease and Current Management Trends- an Updated Review of Literature
      Dutta Rajib
      Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Disorders.2023; 7(2): 027.     CrossRef
    • The Molecular Mechanisms of the Relationship between Insulin Resistance and Parkinson’s Disease Pathogenesis
      Viviana A. Ruiz-Pozo, Rafael Tamayo-Trujillo, Santiago Cadena-Ullauri, Evelyn Frias-Toral, Patricia Guevara-Ramírez, Elius Paz-Cruz, Sebastián Chapela, Martha Montalván, Tania Morales-López, Daniel Simancas-Racines, Ana Karina Zambrano
      Nutrients.2023; 15(16): 3585.     CrossRef
    • Enhancing Parkinson's disease severity assessment through voice-based wavelet scattering, optimized model selection, and weighted majority voting
      Farhad Abedinzadeh Torghabeh, Seyyed Abed Hosseini, Elham Ahmadi Moghadam
      Medicine in Novel Technology and Devices.2023; 20: 100266.     CrossRef
    • A look back at the prodromal findings in Parkinson’s disease
      Seyed-Amirabbas Ahadiat, Zeinab Hosseinian
      Bulletin of the National Research Centre.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Parkinson’s Disease Non-Motor Subtypes Classification in a Group of Slovenian Patients: Actuarial vs. Data-Driven Approach
      Timotej Petrijan, Jan Zmazek, Marija Menih
      Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(23): 7434.     CrossRef
    • Unveiling the Hidden Challenges: Non-Motor Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease
      Francisco Nieto-Escamez, Esteban Obrero-Gaitán, Héctor García-López, Irene Cortés-Pérez
      Brain Sciences.2023; 13(12): 1710.     CrossRef
    • REM sleep behavioral disorder may be an independent risk factor for orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson’s disease
      Kangfu Yin, Chuanbin Zhou, Yongyun Zhu, Weifang Yin, Lei Yin, Bin Liu, Hui Ren, Zhong Xu, Xinglong Yang
      Aging Clinical and Experimental Research.2022; 34(1): 159.     CrossRef
    • Gender Differences and Impact of Autonomic Disturbance on Fatigue and Quality of Life in Parkinson's Disease
      NahushR Bansal, BirinderS Paul, Gunchan Paul, Gagandeep Singh
      Neurology India.2022; 70(1): 203.     CrossRef
    • Exploring Unmet Information Needs of People with Parkinson’s Disease and Their Families: Focusing on Information Sharing in an Online Patient Community
      Hyeon Sik Chu, Hye Young Jang
      International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(5): 2521.     CrossRef
    • Gut microbiota and inflammation in Parkinson’s disease: Pathogenetic and therapeutic insights
      Tong Guo, Li Chen
      European Journal of Inflammation.2022; 20: 1721727X2210837.     CrossRef
    • Diffusion Tensor Imaging Reveals Deep Brain Structure Changes in Early Parkinson’s Disease Patients with Various Sleep Disorders
      Yanyan Jiang, Hedi An, Qian Xi, Weiting Yang, Hongrong Xie, Yang Li, Dongya Huang
      Brain Sciences.2022; 12(4): 463.     CrossRef
    • Clinical Aspects of the Differential Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease and Parkinsonism
      Hae-Won Shin, Sang-Wook Hong, Young Chul Youn
      Journal of Clinical Neurology.2022; 18(3): 259.     CrossRef
    • Effect of mobile health intervention for self-management on self-efficacy, motor and non-motor symptoms, self-management, and quality of life in people with Parkinson's disease: Randomized controlled trial
      Yusun Park, Sung Reul Kim, Hui Young So, Sungyang Jo, Seung Hyun Lee, Yun su Hwang, Mi Sun Kim, Sun Ju Chung
      Geriatric Nursing.2022; 46: 90.     CrossRef
    • Ghrelin mediated regulation of neurosynaptic transmitters in depressive disorders
      Milind V. Masule, Sumit Rathod, Yogeeta Agrawal, Chandragouda R. Patil, Kartik T. Nakhate, Shreesh Ojha, Sameer N. Goyal, Umesh B. Mahajan
      Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery.2022; 3: 100113.     CrossRef
    • Psychosis in Parkinson’s Disease: A Lesson from Genetics
      Efthalia Angelopoulou, Anastasia Bougea, Sokratis G. Papageorgiou, Chiara Villa
      Genes.2022; 13(6): 1099.     CrossRef
    • Non-motor manifestation of Parkinson's disease: a cross-sectional study in a teaching hospital in Jordan
      Said Salah Dahbour, Mohammad J. Al Murr, Liyan H. Oweis, Nada T. Al Antary, Maram Mohsen, Safa Al Fegi
      The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Neuroprotective effects of probiotics bacteria on animal model of Parkinson’s disease induced by 6-hydroxydopamine: A behavioral, biochemical, and histological study
      Esmail Alipour Nosrani, Omid Reza Tamtaji, Zahra Alibolandi, Parichehr Sarkar, Mohsen Ghazanfari, Abolfazl Azami Tameh, Mohsen Taghizadeh, Zarrin Banikazemi, Razie Hadavi, Mojtaba Naderi Taheri
      Journal of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry.2021; 42(2): 106.     CrossRef
    • SURINPARK: Safinamide for Urinary Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease
      Ana Gómez-López, Arantxa Sánchez-Sánchez, Elena Natera-Villalba, Victoria Ros-Castelló, Álvaro Beltrán-Corbellini, Samira Fanjul-Arbós, Isabel Pareés Moreno, José Luis López-Sendon Moreno, Juan Carlos Martínez Castrillo, Araceli Alonso-Canovas
      Brain Sciences.2021; 11(1): 57.     CrossRef
    • People with Parkinson’s Disease: What Symptoms Do They Most Want to Improve and How Does This Change with Disease Duration?
      Rebecca J. Port, Martin Rumsby, Graham Brown, Ian F. Harrison, Anneesa Amjad, Claire J. Bale
      Journal of Parkinson's Disease.2021; 11(2): 715.     CrossRef
    • Rho‐kinase inhibition by fasudil modulates pre‐synaptic vesicle dynamics
      Kim Ann Saal, Carmina Warth Pérez Arias, Anna‐Elisa Roser, Jan Christoph Koch, Mathias Bähr, Silvio O. Rizzoli, Paul Lingor
      Journal of Neurochemistry.2021; 157(4): 1052.     CrossRef
    • A Comprehensive Phenotype of Non-motor Impairments and Distribution of Alpha-Synuclein Deposition in Parkinsonism-Induced Mice by a Combination Injection of MPTP and Probenecid
      Na-Ra Han, Yu-Kang Kim, Sora Ahn, Tae-Yeon Hwang, Hyejung Lee, Hi-Joon Park
      Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Association of Parkinson’s Disease With Microbes and Microbiological Therapy
      Zhao-Ji Chen, Cheng-Yu Liang, Li-Qing Yang, Si-Min Ren, Yan-Min Xia, Lei Cui, Xiao-Fang Li, Bu-Lang Gao
      Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Plasma Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein Reflects Risk and Progression of Parkinson’s Disease
      Szu-Ju Chen, Yu-Chiao Chi, Chang-Han Ho, Wei-Shiung Yang, Chin-Hsien Lin
      Journal of Parkinson's Disease.2021; 11(3): 1129.     CrossRef
    • The Importance of Drosophila melanogaster Research to UnCover Cellular Pathways Underlying Parkinson’s Disease
      Melissa Vos, Christine Klein
      Cells.2021; 10(3): 579.     CrossRef
    • Docosahexaenoic and Arachidonic Acids as Neuroprotective Nutrients throughout the Life Cycle
      Verónica Sambra, Francisca Echeverria, Alfonso Valenzuela, Raphaël Chouinard-Watkins, Rodrigo Valenzuela
      Nutrients.2021; 13(3): 986.     CrossRef
    • What substance P might tell us about the prognosis and mechanism of Parkinson's disease?
      Paola Tirassa, Tommaso Schirinzi, Marcello Raspa, Massimo Ralli, Antonio Greco, Antonella Polimeni, Roberta Possenti, Nicola Biagio Mercuri, Cinzia Severini
      Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.2021; 131: 899.     CrossRef
    • Baicalein alleviates depression-like behavior in rotenone- induced Parkinson's disease model in mice through activating the BDNF/TrkB/CREB pathway
      Xiaoyue Zhao, Dewen Kong, Qimeng Zhou, Guangyi Wei, Junke Song, Yu Liang, Guanhua Du
      Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2021; 140: 111556.     CrossRef
    • Apathy and actions- another consideration when theorizing about embodied nature of language in Parkinson's disease
      Logan Wolff, Jared F. Benge, Samia Ortiz-Hernandez, Samantha Beevers, Alexandra Armitage, Jungjun Park, Daniel L. Drane
      Journal of Communication Disorders.2021; 93: 106144.     CrossRef
    • Association analysis and polygenic risk score evaluation of 38 GWAS-identified Loci in a Chinese population with Parkinson’s disease
      Ran Zheng, Song Qiao, Ying Chen, Chongyao Jin, Yi Fang, Zhihao Lin, Naijia Xue, Yiqun Yan, Luyan Gu, Ting Gao, Jun Tian, Yaping Yan, Xinzhen Yin, Jiali Pu, Baorong Zhang
      Neuroscience Letters.2021; 762: 136150.     CrossRef
    • Non-motor impairments affect walking kinematics in Parkinson disease patients: A cross-sectional study
      Sara Liguori, Antimo Moretti, Angela Palomba, Marco Paoletta, Francesca Gimigliano, Rosa De Micco, Mattia Siciliano, Alessandro Tessitore, Giovanni Iolascon
      NeuroRehabilitation.2021; 49(3): 481.     CrossRef
    • The role of gut dysbiosis in Parkinson’s disease: mechanistic insights and therapeutic options
      Qing Wang, Yuqi Luo, K Ray Chaudhuri, Richard Reynolds, Eng-King Tan, Sven Pettersson
      Brain.2021; 144(9): 2571.     CrossRef
    • Clinical features contributing to the sit-to-stand transfer in people with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review
      Charmaine Pearl Da Cunha, Pratiksha Tilak Rao, Suruliraj Karthikbabu
      The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Integration of Aluminium Interdigitated Electrodes with Zinc Oxide as Nanocomposite for Selectively Detect Alpha-Synuclein for Parkinson’s Disease Diagnosis
      Hussaini Adam, Subash C. B Gopinath, Uda Hashim
      Journal of Physics: Conference Series.2021; 2129(1): 012094.     CrossRef
    • Effects of depression and exercise on health-related quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease
      George W Koutsouras, Kimberly Levine, Nathalie Duroseau, Christina Ciraco, Vivian Chan, Kathleen Pergament, Thomas Chan, Jayme D Mancini, Adena N Leder, Bhuma Krishnamachari
      Chronic Illness.2020; 16(3): 190.     CrossRef
    • Glial Cell Line–Derived Neurotrophic Factor Receptor Rearranged During Transfection Agonist Supports Dopamine Neurons In Vitro and Enhances Dopamine Release In Vivo
      Arun Kumar Mahato, Jaakko Kopra, Juho‐Matti Renko, Tanel Visnapuu, Ilari Korhonen, Nita Pulkkinen, Maxim M. Bespalov, Andrii Domanskyi, Eric Ronken, T. Petteri Piepponen, Merja H. Voutilainen, Raimo K. Tuominen, Mati Karelson, Yulia A. Sidorova, Mart Saar
      Movement Disorders.2020; 35(2): 245.     CrossRef
    • Early transcranial direct current stimulation treatment exerts neuroprotective effects on 6-OHDA-induced Parkinsonism in rats
      Xiao-Jun Feng, Yu-Ting Huang, Ying-Zu Huang, Chi-Wei Kuo, Chih-Wei Peng, Alexander Rotenberg, Chi-Hung Juan, Yu-Cheng Pei, Yuan-Hao Chen, Kai-Yun Chen, Yung-Hsiao Chiang, Hui-Hua Liu, Jian-Xian Wu, Tsung-Hsun Hsieh
      Brain Stimulation.2020; 13(3): 655.     CrossRef
    • Dizziness in patients with early stages of Parkinson's disease: Prevalence, clinical characteristics and implications
      Kyum‐Yil Kwon, Suyeon Park, Mina Lee, Hyunjin Ju, Kayeong Im, Byung‐Euk Joo, Kyung Bok Lee, Hakjae Roh, Moo‐Young Ahn
      Geriatrics & Gerontology International.2020; 20(5): 443.     CrossRef
    • The Dysfunctional Autonomic Function and “Dysfunctional” Fatigue in Drug Naïve Parkinson’s Disease
      Jong Hyeon Ahn, Minkyeong Kim, Jun Kyu Mun, Yoonsu Cho, Ji Sun Kim, Jinyoung Youn, Joong-Seok Kim, Jin Whan Cho
      Journal of Parkinson's Disease.2020; 10(2): 605.     CrossRef
    • Assessments of plasma acyl-ghrelin levels in Parkinson’s disease patients treated with deep brain stimulation
      Wojciech Pietraszko, Agata Furgala, Agnieszka Gorecka-Mazur, Borys Kwinta, Jolanta Kaszuba-Zwoinska, Jaroslaw Polak, Urszula Fiszer, Krzysztof Gil, Anna Krygowska-Wajs
      Peptides.2020; 128: 170299.     CrossRef
    • Common and unique connectivity at the interface of motor, neuropsychiatric, and cognitive symptoms in Parkinson's disease: A commonality analysis
      Stefan Lang, Zahinoor Ismail, Mekale Kibreab, Iris Kathol, Justyna Sarna, Oury Monchi
      Human Brain Mapping.2020; 41(13): 3749.     CrossRef
    • Systems Biology Approaches to Understand the Host–Microbiome Interactions in Neurodegenerative Diseases
      Dorines Rosario, Jan Boren, Mathias Uhlen, Gordon Proctor, Dag Aarsland, Adil Mardinoglu, Saeed Shoaie
      Frontiers in Neuroscience.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Rpt2 proteasome subunit reduction causes Parkinson's disease like symptoms in Drosophila
      Iván Fernández-Cruz, Iván Sánchez-Díaz, Verónica Narváez-Padilla, Enrique Reynaud
      IBRO Reports.2020; 9: 65.     CrossRef
    • Boxing to Improve Sleep Quality and Daytime Sleepiness in Individuals With Parkinson Disease
      Macy Urrutia, Cynthia Ivy, Patricia S. Pohl, Linda Denney
      Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation.2020; 36(3): 170.     CrossRef
    • Effects of the probiotic formulation SLAB51 in in vitro and in vivo Parkinson’s disease models
      Vanessa Castelli, Michele d’Angelo, Francesca Lombardi, Margherita Alfonsetti, Andrea Antonosante, Mariano Catanesi, Elisabetta Benedetti, Paola Palumbo, Maria Grazia Cifone, Antonio Giordano, Giovambattista Desideri, Annamaria Cimini
      Aging.2020; 12(5): 4641.     CrossRef
    • Depressive symptoms are associated with worse cognitive prognosis in patients with newly diagnosed idiopathic Parkinson disease
      Jeong Hoon Park, Seung Hwan Lee, Yeshin Kim, Sang‐Won Park, Gi Hwan Byeon, Jae‐Won Jang
      Psychogeriatrics.2020; 20(6): 880.     CrossRef
    • Lack of association between dopamine transporter loss and non-motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a detailed PET analysis of 12 striatal subregions
      Soo Bin Park, Kyum-Yil Kwon, Jeong-Yoon Lee, Kayeong Im, Jun-Sang Sunwoo, Kyung Bok Lee, Hakjae Roh, Moo-Young Ahn, Suyeon Park, Soo-Jong Kim, Jungsu S. Oh, Jae Seung Kim
      Neurological Sciences.2019; 40(2): 311.     CrossRef
    • Cognitive Problems in Parkinson Disease: Perspectives and Priorities of Patients and Care Partners
      Katrina L. Raein, Samia Ortiz-Hernández, Jared F. Benge
      Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology.2019; 32(1): 16.     CrossRef
    • Probiotics mixture increases butyrate, and subsequently rescues the nigral dopaminergic neurons from MPTP and rotenone-induced neurotoxicity
      Sunil Srivastav, Sabita Neupane, Sunil Bhurtel, Nikita Katila, Sailesh Maharjan, Hyukjae Choi, Jin Tae Hong, Dong-Young Choi
      The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry.2019; 69: 73.     CrossRef
    • Asymptomatic Hearing Impairment Frequently Occurs in Early-Onset Parkinson’s Disease
      Kuldeep Shetty, Syam Krishnan, Jissa Vinoda Thulaseedharan, Manju Mohan, Asha Kishore
      Journal of Movement Disorders.2019; 12(2): 84.     CrossRef
    • Detecting Non-cognitive Features of Prodromal Neurodegenerative Diseases
      Alon Seifan, Christine A. Ganzer, Krista Ryon, Michael Lin, Rahman Mahmudur, Henriquez Adolfo, Cindy Shih, Alan R. Jacobs, Molly Greenwald, Richard S. Isaacson
      Current Aging Science.2019; 11(4): 242.     CrossRef
    • Elevated Serum Homocysteine Levels Have Differential Gender-Specific Associations with Motor and Cognitive States in Parkinson’s Disease
      Megan C. Bakeberg, Alexa Jefferson, Maddeson Riley, Michelle Byrnes, Soumya Ghosh, Frank L. Mastaglia, Malcom K. Horne, Sarah McGregor, Rick Stell, Jade Kenna, Sue Walters, Dana Hince, Ryan S. Anderton
      Parkinson's Disease.2019; 2019: 1.     CrossRef
    • α-Synuclein in Parkinson’s disease: causal or bystander?
      Peter Riederer, Daniela Berg, Nicolas Casadei, Fubo Cheng, Joseph Classen, Christian Dresel, Wolfgang Jost, Rejko Krüger, Thomas Müller, Heinz Reichmann, Olaf Rieß, Alexander Storch, Sabrina Strobel, Thilo van Eimeren, Hans-Ullrich Völker, Jürgen Winkler,
      Journal of Neural Transmission.2019; 126(7): 815.     CrossRef
    • Selegiline Recovers Synaptic Plasticity in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Improves Corresponding Depression-Like Behavior in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease
      Motoki Okano, Kazue Takahata, Junya Sugimoto, Shizuko Muraoka
      Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Inner retinal thinning as a biomarker for cognitive impairment in de novo Parkinson’s disease
      Mi Sun Sung, Seong-Min Choi, Jonghwa Kim, Jun Young Ha, Byeong-Chae Kim, Hwan Heo, Sang Woo Park
      Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Probiotics for Parkinson’s Disease
      Gazerani
      International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2019; 20(17): 4121.     CrossRef
    • The Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease
      Dongming Yang, Deming Zhao, Syed Zahid Ali Shah, Wei Wu, Mengyu Lai, Xixi Zhang, Jie Li, Zhiling Guan, Huafen Zhao, Wen Li, Hongli Gao, Xiangmei Zhou, Lifeng Yang
      Frontiers in Neurology.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Long-Term Voluntary Physical Exercise Exerts Neuroprotective Effects and Motor Disturbance Alleviation in a Rat Model of Parkinson’s Disease
      Wan-Ling Tsai, Hsin-Yung Chen, Ying-Zu Huang, Yuan-Hao Chen, Chi-Wei Kuo, Kai-Yun Chen, Tsung-Hsun Hsieh
      Behavioural Neurology.2019; 2019: 1.     CrossRef
    • The effectiveness of istradefylline for the treatment of gait deficits and sleepiness in patients with Parkinson’s disease
      Keita Matsuura, Hiroyuki Kajikawa, Ken-ichi Tabei, Masayuki Satoh, Hirotaka Kida, Naoko Nakamura, Hidekazu Tomimoto
      Neuroscience Letters.2018; 662: 158.     CrossRef
    • Predictors of Mortality in Nondemented Patients With Parkinson Disease: Motor Symptoms Versus Nonmotor Symptoms
      D. Santos-García, E. Suárez-Castro, J. Ernandez, I. Expósito-Ruiz, C. Tuñas-Gesto, M. Aneiros-Díaz, T. de Deus-Fonticoba, M. López-Fernández, D. Núñez-Arias
      Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology.2018; 31(1): 19.     CrossRef
    • Additive Effects of Levodopa and a Neurorestorative Diet in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease
      Paula Perez-Pardo, Laus M. Broersen, Tessa Kliest, Nick van Wijk, Amos Attali, Johan Garssen, Aletta D. Kraneveld
      Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Ghrelin and Neurodegenerative Disorders—a Review
      Limin Shi, Xixun Du, Hong Jiang, Junxia Xie
      Molecular Neurobiology.2017; 54(2): 1144.     CrossRef
    • The neurological effects of ghrelin in brain diseases: Beyond metabolic functions
      Qian Jiao, Xixun Du, Yong Li, Bing Gong, Limin Shi, Tingting Tang, Hong Jiang
      Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.2017; 73: 98.     CrossRef
    • First-in-human assessment of PRX002, an anti-α-synuclein monoclonal antibody, in healthy volunteers
      Dale B. Schenk, Martin Koller, Daniel K. Ness, Sue G. Griffith, Michael Grundman, Wagner Zago, Jay Soto, George Atiee, Susanne Ostrowitzki, Gene G. Kinney
      Movement Disorders.2017; 32(2): 211.     CrossRef
    • Normal ‘heart’ in Parkinson's disease: is this a distinct clinical phenotype?
      J.‐S. Kim, H.‐E. Park, I.‐S. Park, Y.‐S. Oh, D.‐W. Ryu, I.‐U. Song, Y.‐A. Jung, I. R. Yoo, H.‐S. Choi, P. H. Lee, K.‐S. Lee
      European Journal of Neurology.2017; 24(2): 349.     CrossRef
    • α-Synuclein in the colon and premotor markers of Parkinson disease in neurologically normal subjects
      Joong-Seok Kim, In-Seok Park, Hyung-Eun Park, Su-Young Kim, Jung A Yun, Chan Kwon Jung, Hye-Young Sung, Jin-Kwon Lee, Won-Kyung Kang
      Neurological Sciences.2017; 38(1): 171.     CrossRef
    • Use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in chronic neurodegeneration
      Peter Riederer, Thomas Müller
      Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology.2017; 13(2): 233.     CrossRef
    • Validation of the Korean Version of the Scale for Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease-Autonomic
      Ji-Young Kim, In-Uk Song, Seong-Beom Koh, Tae-Beom Ahn, Sang Jin Kim, Sang-Myung Cheon, Jin Whan Cho, Yun Joong Kim, Hyeo-Il Ma, Mee-Young Park, Jong Sam Baik, Phil Hyu Lee, Sun Ju Chung, Jong-Min Kim, Han-Joon Kim, Young-Hee Sung, Do Young Kwon, Jae-Hyeo
      Journal of Movement Disorders.2017; 10(1): 29.     CrossRef
    • Retinal biomarkers provide “insight” into cortical pharmacology and disease
      Christine T.O. Nguyen, Flora Hui, Jason Charng, Shajan Velaedan, Anna K. van Koeverden, Jeremiah K.H. Lim, Zheng He, Vickie H.Y. Wong, Algis J. Vingrys, Bang V. Bui, Magnus Ivarsson
      Pharmacology & Therapeutics.2017; 175: 151.     CrossRef
    • Promising Effects of Neurorestorative Diets on Motor, Cognitive, and Gastrointestinal Dysfunction after Symptom Development in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease
      Paula Perez-Pardo, Esther M. de Jong, Laus M. Broersen, Nick van Wijk, Amos Attali, Johan Garssen, Aletta D. Kraneveld
      Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • DaT-SPECT assessment depicts dopamine depletion among asymptomatic G2019S LRRK2 mutation carriers
      Moran Artzi, Einat Even-Sapir, Hedva Lerman Shacham, Avner Thaler, Avi Orr Urterger, Susan Bressman, Karen Marder, Talma Hendler, Nir Giladi, Dafna Ben Bashat, Anat Mirelman, Elisa Greggio
      PLOS ONE.2017; 12(4): e0175424.     CrossRef
    • The gut-brain axis in Parkinson's disease: Possibilities for food-based therapies
      Paula Perez-Pardo, Tessa Kliest, Hemraj B. Dodiya, Laus M. Broersen, Johan Garssen, Ali Keshavarzian, Aletta D. Kraneveld
      European Journal of Pharmacology.2017; 817: 86.     CrossRef
    • Who Can Diagnose Parkinson's Disease First? Role of Pre-motor Symptoms
      Mayela Rodríguez-Violante, Rosalía Zerón-Martínez, Amin Cervantes-Arriaga, Teresa Corona
      Archives of Medical Research.2017; 48(3): 221.     CrossRef
    • Microbes Tickling Your Tummy: the Importance of the Gut-Brain Axis in Parkinson’s Disease
      Paula Perez-Pardo, Mitch Hartog, Johan Garssen, Aletta D. Kraneveld
      Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports.2017; 4(4): 361.     CrossRef
    • The Therapeutic Potential of Exercise to Improve Mood, Cognition, and Sleep in Parkinson's Disease
      Gretchen O. Reynolds, Michael W. Otto, Terry D. Ellis, Alice Cronin‐Golomb
      Movement Disorders.2016; 31(1): 23.     CrossRef
    • Orthostatic hypotension and cardiac sympathetic denervation in Parkinson disease patients with REM sleep behavioral disorder
      Joong-Seok Kim, Hyung-Eun Park, Yoon-Sang Oh, Si-Hoon Lee, Jeong-Wook Park, Byung-chul Son, Kwang-Soo Lee
      Journal of the Neurological Sciences.2016; 362: 59.     CrossRef
    • Relearning of Writing Skills in Parkinson's Disease After Intensive Amplitude Training
      Evelien Nackaerts, Elke Heremans, Griet Vervoort, Bouwien C.M. Smits‐Engelsman, Stephan P. Swinnen, Wim Vandenberghe, Bruno Bergmans, Alice Nieuwboer
      Movement Disorders.2016; 31(8): 1209.     CrossRef
    • Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction in Mild and Advanced Parkinson’s Disease
      Joong-Seok Kim, Si-Hoon Lee, Yoon-Sang Oh, Jeong-Wook Park, Jae-Young An, Sung-Kyung Park, Si-Ryung Han, Kwang-Soo Lee
      Journal of Movement Disorders.2016; 9(2): 97.     CrossRef
    • The KMDS-NATION Study: Korean Movement Disorders Society Multicenter Assessment of Non-Motor Symptoms and Quality of Life in Parkinson's Disease NATION Study Group
      Do-Young Kwon, Seong-Beom Koh, Jae Hyeok Lee, Hee Kyung Park, Han-Joon Kim, Hae-Won Shin, Jinyoung Youn, Kun Woo Park, Sun-Ah Choi, Sang Jin Kim, Seong-Min Choi, Ji-Yun Park, Beom S. Jeon, Ji Young Kim, Sun Ju Chung, Chong Sik Lee, Jeong-Ho Park, Tae-Beom
      Journal of Clinical Neurology.2016; 12(4): 393.     CrossRef
    • Bent out of shape: α‐Synuclein misfolding and the convergence of pathogenic pathways in Parkinson's disease
      Esteban Luna, Kelvin C. Luk
      FEBS Letters.2015; 589(24PartA): 3749.     CrossRef
    • Differentiated Cells Derived from Fetal Neural Stem Cells Improve Motor Deficits in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease
      Wei Wang, Hao Song, Aifang Shen, Chao Chen, Yanming Liu, Yabing Dong, Fabin Han
      Translational Neuroscience and Clinics.2015; 1(2): 75.     CrossRef

    Comments on this article

    Add a comment
    Related articles

    JMD : Journal of Movement Disorders