Age (yr) |
57 (35–82) |
Ethnicity |
|
|
Asian |
43 |
|
Caucasian |
6 |
|
Hispanic |
3 |
|
Not specified |
20 |
Premorbid/comorbid |
|
|
DM |
30 (41.7) |
|
DM, hypertension |
10 (13.9) |
|
DM, hypertension, coronary heart disease |
3 (4.2) |
|
Hypertension |
2 (2.8) |
|
DM, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, lacunar infarct |
1 (1.4) |
|
DM, hypertension, stroke |
1 (1.4) |
|
DM, hypertension, seizures |
1 (1.4) |
|
DM, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia |
1 (1.4) |
|
DM, hypertension, anemia |
1 (1.4) |
|
DM, hypertension, schizoaffective disorder, polysubstance abuse in remission |
1 (1.4) |
|
DM, hypertension, peripheral vascular disease, hypothyroidism, sarcoidosis |
1 (1.4) |
|
DM, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, depression, hypercalcemia, submandibular and perihilar lymphadenopathy, sarcoidosis, hyperparathyroidism |
1 (1.4) |
|
DM, coronary disease |
1 (1.4) |
|
Hypertension, congenital renal agenesis |
1 (1.4) |
|
N/R |
17 (23.6) |
Duration of dialysis (yr, range) |
0–20 |
Acute movement disorder |
|
|
Parkinsonism |
29 (40.3) |
|
Chorea |
18 (25.0) |
|
Parkinsonism, dysarthria, dysphagia |
4 (5.6) |
|
Chorea, dysarthria |
4 (5.6) |
|
Parkinsonism, dysarthria |
3 (4.2) |
|
Parkinsonian gait, dysarthria |
2 (2.8) |
|
Dystonia |
2 (2.8) |
|
Dyskinesia |
1 (1.4) |
|
Chorea, parkinsonism |
1 (1.4) |
|
Chorea, restless leg syndrome |
1 (1.4) |
|
Chorea, dyskinesia |
1 (1.4) |
|
Orolingual and facial dyskinesias, parkinsonian gaits, dysarthria, dysphagia |
1 (1.4) |
|
Parkinsonian gait |
1 (1.4) |
|
Generalized dyskinesia, ataxia, dysarthria |
1 (1.4) |
|
N/R |
3 (4.2) |
Radiological findings |
|
|
PET/SPECT |
|
|
|
Hypoperfusion in bilateral basal ganglia |
1 (1.4) |
|
|
Hyperperfusion in bilateral basal ganglia |
1 (1.4) |
|
|
Hypoperfusion in bilateral striatum |
1 (1.4) |
|
|
Hypoperfusion in bilateral putamen, right caudate, bilateral occipital cortex, right frontal cortex |
1 (1.4) |
|
|
Hypoperfusion in putamen, left caudate, bilateral lateral frontal cortex |
1 (1.4) |
|
|
Normal |
2 (2.8) |
|
|
N/A |
65 (90.3) |
|
CT |
|
|
|
Bilateral basal ganglia hypodensity |
14 (19.4) |
|
|
Bilateral lenticular nuclei hypodensity |
3 (4.2) |
|
|
Bilateral basal ganglia hypodensity with surrounding oedema |
1 (1.4) |
|
|
Bilateral basal ganglia and thalami hypodensity |
1 (1.4) |
|
|
Bilateral lenticular nuclei hypodensity with mass effect on right caudate nucleus |
1 (1.4) |
|
|
Bilateral basal ganglia, thalamus, midbrain hypodensity |
1 (1.4) |
|
|
Bilateral putamen, globus pallidus hypodensity |
1 (1.4) |
|
|
Right lenticular nucleus and right caudate head |
1 (1.4) |
|
|
Right putamen |
1 (1.4) |
|
|
Striatum |
1 (1.4) |
|
|
Normal |
5 (6.9) |
|
|
N/R |
9 (12.5) |
|
|
N/A |
33 (45.8) |
|
Magnetic resonance imaging |
|
|
|
Bilateral basal ganglia atrophy |
36 (50.0) |
|
|
Bilateral putamen and global pallidus atrophy |
7 (9.7) |
|
|
Bilateral lenticular nuclei atrophy |
2 (2.8) |
|
|
Bilateral caudate and lenticular nuclei atrophy |
4 (5.6) |
|
|
Bilateral basal ganglia and thalami |
2 (2.8) |
|
|
Bilateral striatum atrophy |
1 (1.4) |
|
|
Right basal ganglia atrophy |
1 (1.4) |
|
|
Right lentiform nucelus, left putamen and right occipital lobe |
1 (1.4) |
|
|
Right lentiform nucleus |
1 (1.4) |
|
|
Right putamen |
1 (1.4) |
|
|
Striatum |
1 (1.4) |
|
|
Bilateral caudate, lentiform nucleus, frontal and temporal regions |
1 (1.4) |
|
|
Age-related atrophy |
1 (1.4) |
|
|
Normal |
1 (1.4) |
|
|
N/R |
7 (9.7) |
|
|
N/A |
5 (6.9) |
|
Magnetic resonance sepectroscopy |
|
|
|
Low N-acetyl-aspartate, presence of lactate in left basal ganglia |
1 (1.4) |
|
|
Low N-acetyl aspartate in bilateral basal ganglia |
1 (1.4) |
|
|
N/A |
70 (97.2) |
Clinical course |
|
|
Partial recovery |
28 (38.9) |
|
Complete recovery |
20 (27.8) |
|
No improvement |
15 (20.8) |
|
Near complete recovery |
5 (6.9) |
|
N/R |
4 (5.6) |
Radiological course |
|
|
Partial resolution |
18 (25) |
|
Complete resolution |
14 (19.4) |
|
No resolution |
6 (8.3) |
|
Near complete resolution |
3 (4.2) |
|
N/R |
14 (19.4) |
|
N/A |
17 (23.6) |