Journal of Movement Disorders

Review Article

Parkinson’s Disease and the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review Article on the Association between SARS-CoV-2 and α-Synucleinopathy: Smriti Sinha, Swati Mittal, Rupali Roy; J Mov Disord. 2021;14(3):184-192. Published online July 29, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.21046

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There is an extensive debate on the neurological consequences of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and its impact on Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients, which seems to puzzle neurologists. Links between viral infections and PD have long been suspected and studied, but the exact relationship remains elusive. Since severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV- 2) enters the brain through multiple routes and has a direct impact on the brain, cumulative damage occurs due to the activation of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. SARS-CoV-2 seems to aggravate PD due to its effects on α-synuclein, mitochondrial dysfunction, and dopamine depletion. A few studies have even highlighted the higher vulnerability of PD patients to COVID-19. The sudden dramatic change in lifestyle caused by the pandemic and the widespread lockdowns that were implemented have added to the hidden sorrows of PD patients, as they already have a compromised mechanism for coping with stress. This review summarizes insights from basic science and the clinical effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the human brain, with a specific focus on PD.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Assessment of the relationship between the dopaminergic pathway and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, with related neuropathological features, and potential therapeutic approaches in COVID‐19 infection
Yousef Rasmi, Ameneh Shokati, Shima Hatamkhani, Yeganeh Farnamian, Roya Naderi, Ladan Jalali
Reviews in Medical Virology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
SARS-CoV-2 Infection to Premature Neuronal Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Is there any Connection with Hypoxia?
Narmadhaa Sivagurunathan, Latchoumycandane Calivarathan
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets.2024; 23(4): 431. CrossRef
Deciphering the molecular pathways underlying dopaminergic neuronal damage in Parkinson's disease associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection
Qiuhan Xu, Sisi Jiang, Ruiqing Kang, Yiling Wang, Baorong Zhang, Jun Tian
Computers in Biology and Medicine.2024; 171: 108200. CrossRef
Axial Improvement after Casirivimab/Imdevimab Treatment for COVID-19 in Parkinson’s Disease
Valentina Fioravanti, Francesco Cavallieri, Alessio Di Fonzo, Giulia Toschi, Sara Grisanti, Gaetano Salomone, Mario Zappia, Franco Valzania
Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques.2023; 50(5): 777. CrossRef
Links between COVID-19 and Parkinson’s disease/Alzheimer’s disease: reciprocal impacts, medical care strategies and underlying mechanisms
Pei Huang, Lin-Yuan Zhang, Yu-Yan Tan, Sheng-Di Chen
Translational Neurodegeneration.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Does the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Hamper the Amyloid Transformation of Alpha-Synuclein after All?
Yulia Stroylova, Anastasiia Konstantinova, Victor Stroylov, Ivan Katrukha, Fedor Rozov, Vladimir Muronetz
Biomedicines.2023; 11(2): 498. CrossRef
Sex and age affect acute and persisting COVID-19 illness
Anna Vasilevskaya, Asma Mushtaque, Michelle Y. Tsang, Batoul Alwazan, Margaret Herridge, Angela M. Cheung, Maria Carmela Tartaglia
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Vulnerability of Parkinson’s Patients to COVID-19 and Its Consequences and Effects on Them: A Systematic Review
Sorayya Rezayi, Meysam Rahmani Katigari, Leila Shahmoradi, Mehrbakhsh Nilashi, Hélio Teive
Parkinson's Disease.2023; 2023: 1. CrossRef
COVID-19 and neurological sequelae: Vitamin D as a possible neuroprotective and/or neuroreparative agent
Sebastián García Menéndez, Virna Margarita Martín Giménez, Michael F. Holick, Francisco J. Barrantes, Walter Manucha
Life Sciences.2022; 297: 120464. CrossRef
SARS-CoV-2 Proteins Interact with Alpha Synuclein and Induce Lewy Body-like Pathology In Vitro
Zhengcun Wu, Xiuao Zhang, Zhangqiong Huang, Kaili Ma
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(6): 3394. CrossRef
COVID-19 and Parkinsonism: A Critical Appraisal
Francesco Cavallieri, Valentina Fioravanti, Francesco Bove, Eleonora Del Prete, Sara Meoni, Sara Grisanti, Marialuisa Zedde, Rosario Pascarella, Elena Moro, Franco Valzania
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SARS-CoV-2 mediated neurological disorders in COVID-19: Measuring the pathophysiology and immune response
Pi-Ching Hsu, Md. Shahed-Al-Mahmud
Life Sciences.2022; 308: 120981. CrossRef
COVID-19 і хвороба Паркінсона
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Original Article

The Correlation of ON and OFF Status With Clinical Characteristics in Patients With Parkinson’s Disease: Jung-Hwa Seo, Sang-Myung Cheon, Jae Woo Kim; J Mov Disord. 2008;1(2):65-70.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.08012

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Abstract PDF: Background:
Status of the disease is the one of main concerns of clinicians, especially in the course of primary degenerative disorders. In Parkinson’s disease (PD), Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) is an useful clinical score that can express severity of parkinsonian symptoms, but L-DOPA treatment and motor fluctuations can change the UPDRS scores. Even in the best ‘on’ state, there can be residual motor deficits, and it is very difficult to estimate the worst ‘off’ state due to long duration effect of L-DOPA.
Objective:
To find relevant examination scores of ‘on’ or ‘off’ state of PD patients which correlates with clinical and demographic variables those can represents the status of Parkinson’s disease.
Methods:
Sixty-four patients with PD (24 male, age 63.0±8.6 years, Hoehn and Yahr stage (HY) 2.8±0.5) were examined UPDRS at ‘on’ and practically defined ‘off’ (12 hours after last medication) state. We evaluated the association between the ‘on’ and ‘off’ scores of UPDRS and duration of disease and treatment, and equivalent L-DOPA dose of the patients. Patients were grouped according to the presence of motor fluctuation to find the differences in those associations.
Results:
There were significantly strong correlations between UPDRS ‘off’ scores and clinical variables such as duration of disease and treatment. In ‘on’ state, only complication part of UPDRS was correlated with duration of disease and treatment, but activity of daily living (ADL) and motor part of UPDRS were correlated well with age of the patients. Age at disease onset showed significant negative association with the difference between ‘off’ and ‘on’ state UPDRS scores. Thirty-one patients who had motor fluctuation (9 male, age 62.7±9.3 years, HY 3.0±0.6) showed significantly increased duration of the disease, duration of L-DOPA treatment and equivalent DOPA dose compared to those of 33 patients without motor fluctuation (15 male, age 63.3±8.1 years, HY 2.6±0.3). In patients without motor fluctuation, both ‘off’ and ‘on’ UPDRS showed association with duration of disease and treatment, but ‘off’ and ‘off’ – ‘on’ difference of UPDRS were better correlated with duration of disease and treatment in patients with motor fluctuation.
Conclusion:
We found that the UPDRS scores of practically defined ‘off’ state significantly correlated with the duration of the disease and treatment. Patients with motor fluctuation revealed better responsiveness to medication than those without motor fluctuation. In patients without motor fluctuation, UPDRS scores of ‘on’ state can reflect the clinical presentation as much as those of ‘off’ state.

Review Article

Transcranial Sonography in Parkinson’s Disease and Parkinsonism: Won Yong Lee, Ji Youn Kim, Seong Tae Kim; J Mov Disord. 2008;1(1):6-12.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.08002

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Abstract PDF

Transcranial sonography (TCS) is potentially useful for the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). It is attractive because it is non-invasive, easily accessible and low risk test. So far, up to twenties of TCS studies in Parkinson’s disease and parkinsonism have been reported. However, studies on TCS have been restricted to European populations and no such study has been performed in Asian especially Korean population. To investigate the efficacy of TCS in Korean PD patients and its correlation with the clinical features, we carried out midbrain TCS in PD patients and normal controls, and evaluated the area of the substantia nigra (SN) hyperechogenicity and its ratio to the area of the whole m idbrain. According to our study, we could conclude that midbrain TCS is an effective diagnostic tool for detecting PD in the Korean population. In this review, we additionally summarized clinical application of TCS in differential diagnosis of atypical parkinsonism as well as restless leg syndrome and depression. Journal of Movement Disorders 1(1):6-12, 2008

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Validity and sensitivity of instrumented postural and gait assessment using low-cost devices in Parkinson’s disease
Ignacio Álvarez, Jorge Latorre, Miquel Aguilar, Pau Pastor, Roberto Llorens
Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

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